Advance Managerial Finance - Paper - 1555 Words

Advance Managerial Finance Case 6: Deluxe Corporation 1. What are the risks associated with Deluxe’s business and strategy? Is Deluxe’s current debt level appropriate? Deluxe Corporation was once the largest printer of paper checks in the United States. However, around the past years it started to face difficulties primarily on its sale and earnings growth primarily because of alternative payments systems as online payments, credit and debit cards, etc. Some of the risk Deluxe Corporation is facing are: * Online payment methods that improve along with the Internet, which is almost accessible to everyone, everywhere. The popularity of paper check payments has decline versus this online services. To add to this, the increase†¦show more content†¦Shareholder wealth will be maximized by repurchasing shares from cash and issuances of commercial paper, and debt will be refinanced with similar debt (p.493.) 3. Using the financial ratios in Exhibit 6, how much debt could Deluxe borrow at each †¨rating level? According to this case, Singh wants to preserve an investment-grade on Deluxe’s rating. On Exhibit 6 we were provided with financial ratios and their association with the different investment-grade rating categories. These financial ratios can be used to compare the company debt flexibility. In the case it is specified that the manager in Deluxe pays close attention to the earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) ratio to interest expenses, which is considered the EBIT-coverage ratio. From exhibit 6, we obtain the EBIT-coverage ratio for each rating categories, EBIT divided by the rating ratios will give us the individual interest expenses. We are going to assume that our EBIT is $359.42 million dollars (average.) We were not provided with an EBIT for the 2001-year but we have the forecasted EBIT for the next five years. With this information we get the interest expenses for all the rating categories: AAA AA A BBB BB B $15.36 $27.02 $57.05 $92.16 $163.37 $359.42 Now, Deluxe Corporation can have an estimate on the maximum debt by dividing the interest expenses by the cost of debt for eachShow MoreRelatedTypes Of Sources Of Finance1393 Words   |  6 PagesIt is noted that finance is one of the most important part of the business that play a vital role to run the key activities of a business viably either it is a manufacturing business or a service it required adequate amount of resources to attain their set goals. Moreover, it is important from the prospect of CCA firm to consider different types of sources of finance in order to fulfil their requirement and start HEC (Higher Education College). There are different sources of finance that must be consideredRead MoreManagement Failure Leads For Business Failure826 Words   |  4 Pagesdecline on sales If management is inadequate to handle the business and gain competitive advantage, the catastrophe of losing investment, time and customer will not be far ahead. This paper discusses two businesses (Gurkha Development Bank (Nepal) Limited and BlackBerry) which failed due to lack of management. This paper also includes viable recommendation for overcoming the situation. The first company which was to manage their internal affairs and faced bankruptcy is Gurkha Development Bank (Nepal)Read MoreSupply Chain Risk Management Plan1299 Words   |  6 Pageschain.† This research paper is based on the supply chain risk management(SCRM) in a business and the challenges it faces with risk involved at every step of the process. Uta Juttner has written a rather confusing and self explanatory piece of paper. A system of methods used in a particular area of study or activity: a methodology for investigating the concept of focal points and focal points being supply chain management and risk management. The methodology used in this paper by the author is throughRead MoreSupply Chain Risk Management Analysis1521 Words   |  7 Pagesphilosophy. This research paper is based on the supply chain risk management(SCRM) in a business and the challenges it faces with risk involved at every step of the process. Uta Juttner has written a rather confusing and self explanatory piece of paper. A system of methods used in a particular area of study or activity: a methodology for investigating the concept of focal points and focal points being supply chain management and risk management. The methodology used in this paper by the author is throughRead MoreRisks And Risks Of Strategic Risk Essay1572 Words   |  7 Pagesrisk-seeking or risk-neutral, it should evaluate the risk associated with its approaching strategies before making significant decisions. This paper focuses on quantitative risk analysis and how it can contribute to understanding risk exposure and making good strategic decisions like BBC, one of the biggest media businesses who decided to outsource their finance activities. Also, identify business process (BPO) risk analysis as part of project. 1 Risk Risk is the fundamental elementRead MoreFinancial Statement Analysis Of Bay Area Community Hospital1269 Words   |  6 PagesCommunity Hospital Finance management is imperative in the operations of an establishment in determining whether the company will survive for a long period of time or for a short period of time. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to interpret and analyze the financial statements of Bay Area Community Hospital (BACH) to elaborate how understanding it can be beneficial to managers and executives. Implications of Economics For Advance Practice Nurses The roles of advance practice nurses are evolvingRead MoreThe Challenges Of An Enterprise Resource Planning ( Erp ) System837 Words   |  4 PagesERP is business process management software, which allows an organization to use a system of integrated applications to manage the business and automate many back office functions related to technology, data warehouse, finance, human resources and other services. In this paper, the emphasis will be mainly on the following two concerns of retail and manufacturing industry- †¢ We will be exploring the ERP experience with that of other non ERP technologies in the manufacturing industry relating toRead MoreIndividual Research Project : Cpa1055 Words   |  5 Pagesbecoming a CPA have a larger variety of opportunities to choose from, such as Auditing, Business and management Consulting, Information Technology, International Financial Reporting and Tax Advisory Services (NASBA). In today’s economy and technological advances the career security is the most appealing of obtaining a CPA license. CPAs are in high demand due to a shortage in experienced accountants (Colpo). To sit for the CPA exam, you must acquire the education and other requirements which varies by stateRead MoreCasa de Diseno Essay665 Words   |  3 PagesThe borrower usually pays a commitment fee to the bank to compensate them for having the funds available â€Å"on demand.† †¢ Commercial paper—a 3-day to 270-day loan sold as a security to the lender. Secured Sources: †¢ Pledging accounts receivable—a lender loans money on the basis of the creditworthiness of the borrower’s customers who bought on account. The lender advances the money to the borrower in an amount discounted from the book value of the receivables. When the borrower collects the receivablesRead MoreSteps for Making a Successful Acquisition: Case Study1249 Words   |  5 Pagesexpectations. In this text, I will describe an acquisition I want to make as a CEO of a private equity firm. Amongst other things, I will highlight the steps I will undertake to ensure that the acquisition is a success. Further, I will also describe the managerial motives of the acquisition as well as the resource-based and institution-based issues I am likely to encounter. Discussion Currently I am the CEO of a private equity firm based in New York. We are one of the largest private equity entities in

Kennedys Life, Leadership, and Legacy - 1657 Words

Which American president deserves to be titled the best? This question cannot be answered simply, nor matter of factly, for every answer would be a varying opinion. However, a collective voice of patriots would agree that John Fitzgerald Kennedy would give all others a run for their money. He was viewed not only as an inspirational leader, but also as an honest, loving man who quickly morphed into the only ray of hope that Americans had seen in quite some time. People trusted him to rejuvenate the country in a peaceful and courageous way -- standing up to intimidators, restoring order in mass chaos, aiding the weak and feeble, and guiding the nation to a glorious time filled with prosperity and joy. Though. his role in leading the nation†¦show more content†¦Kennedy†). Kennedy’s Inauguration was one that will not be easily forgotten. It was a bitterly cold day and the weather was wretched. It was snowing heavily which caused a number of citizens to be denied coming to the ceremony (Kahn). Among the several who missed it was President Herbert Hoover who could not attend due to the conditions hindering the use of his airplane. During the ceremony, Vice President Lyndon Johnson fumbled his words in his swearing in causing it to be a lengthy process and a lectern caught fire during the invocation (Kahn). Even so, the event is looked back upon with loving memories of those who experienced it. Citizens agree that a wonderful feeling of hope infected the country and caused the nation to echo with sounds of optimism and anticipation. In Kennedy’s actual speech, citizens heard the clear evidence of their new president’s patriotism and the honesty and integrity which caused them all to be enthralled with him in the first place. Kennedy spoke with a sense of pride and honor that would make any American love to be part of this great nation. When he mentioned the founding fathers of the country, he did so in a way that clearly portrayed an emotion of awe which distinctly shows how inspired by them he truly was. â€Å"We dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first revolution,† isShow MoreRelatedJohn F. Kennedy 1158 Words   |  5 PagesReflections on the Life, Assassination, and Legacy of John F. Kennedy written by Dean R. Owen is a series of reflections of people who knew and admired John F. Kennedy. Most people in the book discuss where they were the day of his assassination, their reaction, and how it affected everything and everyone around them. Others speak about what kind of leader Kennedy was, the legacy he left behind, and how when he died the country was never the same. Owen writes about people who once workedRead MoreThe Leadership And Legacy Of John Fitzgerald Kennedy3150 Words   |  13 PagesCamelot: The Leadership and Legacy of John Fitzgerald Kennedy Carson Ray Senior Division Individual Historical Paper Paper Length: 2,470 words To the average person, Camelot was an era of promise, hope, perfection, and the struggle for equality. It was America’s only real with national royalty as the people looked to the president and first lady for fashion, their connections to Hollywood and the very rich, and how to comport themselves in a most glamorous manner..Read MoreLeadership And Legacy Of John F. Kennedy1388 Words   |  6 PagesJohn F. Kennedy His Leadership Legacy John F. Kennedy was born on May 29, 1917 in Brookline, Massachusetts and was known as (Jack). He was the son of Joseph P. Kennedy, an ambassador to Great Britain during Franklin D. Roosevelt administration. The Kennedy’s were one of the wealth family in American. He was one of the most important leader in America. When he graduated from Harvard University in 1940 he wrote a winning note with his publication of â€Å"Why England Slept†, it was an expansionRead MoreKennedy Is an American Tragic Hero1695 Words   |  7 Pagesclass was kept afloat for about four hours by Kennedy, who swam three miles to a small island with McMahon’s life jacket between his teeth. My stepfather often told me that he begged Kennedy to just leave him there, that the rescue was too difficult†¦He thought the world of President Kennedy, who saved his life, no doubt about it. (Granberry, Michael). Kennedy not only saved McMahon’s life but he also saved the lives of almost a dozen of his crew men. JFK’s rescued men talked about this event at anRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy: A Legacy Never Forgotten1377 Words   |  6 Pagescarry on the Eisenhower administration and told the voters that he would maintain military strength, provide strong leadership, and keep American prestige high. While in office Kennedy vowed to make a difference in the lives of the people by creating new civil rights laws. For the first time, underappreciated Americans started to see hope for the battle for equal rights through Kennedy’s promises. This election was important to the American people because they wanted to see a change in their economyRead MoreThe Legacy of John F. Kennedy Essay2477 Words   |  10 PagesKennedy, a charismatic and energetic leader, was loved by the American people. He had many plans for his time in office, some of which he was able to personally achieve, w hile others were left to his vice-president, Lyndon B. Johnson. Although his life was tragically cut short, John F. Kennedy left an indelible mark on the United States of America in and out of the oval office. The 1960s were a period full of discord and social upheaval. Civil rights, the Cold War, and other issues awaited theRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy - the Speaker Essay2147 Words   |  9 PagesDionisopoulos, 1995). Evident throughout John F. Kennedys speech is energy that is youthful. Even though he just won a difficult campaign, his focus was not on the policies that contributed to his victory. The objectives he has are shown in powerful appeals to emotion, through establishing a link with the common American citizen. Drawing from his past but focusing on his future, he is able to personalize his speech (Boller, 1967). Kennedys words stress his active goal of uniting two divisiveRead MoreEssay about Greatness of Lyndon B. Johnson1162 Words   |  5 Pages Greatness of LBJ Many Presidents over the years have shown greatness through their leadership. Each has shown this in their individual way. It takes the ability to deal with whatever may come up, as far as politics are concerned, and handle it with care. Also it takes making a difference in society instead of just settling for the United States being ok as it is. The extra step that some take, separates the normal from the great. Lyndon B. Johnson was one of the Presidents who stood out by takingRead MoreThe Assassination Of John F. Kennedy2481 Words   |  10 Pageshis political career would begin (â€Å"Life of John,† n.d.). During his time in the Navy, John lost his brother Joe in a plane crash, which changed everything for him. When he returned from the Navy after the war ended he was awarded the Marine Corps Metal for his leadership and courage (â€Å"Life of John,† n.d.). These events influenced Kennedy to think about what he wanted to do as a lifelong career, and his older br other soon convinced him to run for Congress (â€Å"Life of John,† n.d.). After serving hisRead MoreThe Relationship Between Ussr And The United States Essay3052 Words   |  13 Pagesone who fronted up to the challenges put before him and came out better as a result, engraining his legacy in the history books. In this research essay I intend to analyse and discuss the relationship between the USSR and the U.S. throughout the Cold War period, the build up to the Cuban Missile Crisis and ensuing tensions surrounding it. Whilst doing so, I will also look at President John F. Kennedy’s decision making throughout this period and the consequences of these decisions, in particular, his

The Troubled American Education System Free Essays

In an enlightening article by writer April Shenandoah, on March 20, 2002, the reality that Americas’ education system is in real trouble becomes clearly evident. The writer feels that when a child in America attends school, he is, in fact, more at risk than if he did not attempt to attend. This is because, of late, it has become obvious that most negative influences that children are faced with are being increasingly found in the public schools that they attend, and it is during the past few decades that the situation has worsened even further. We will write a custom essay sample on The Troubled American Education System or any similar topic only for you Order Now In a simple comparison between the situation in public schools today and that during the 1940’s, it is indeed amazing that punishments were given for ‘offences’ such as, for example, running in the corridor, chewing gum, talking in the class, and at times, unfinished homework, whereas today the top offences are drunkenness, drug abuse, assault, rape, and many other similar crimes, including murder. (Shenandoah, 2002) What has made the system even worse is that not only does the child have to cope with drugs and the immorality that is generally associated with them, but he would also be forced to study in the ‘second rate’ education system of today. This is evident in the fact that from the year 1963 onwards, the scores for the ‘Scholastic Aptitude Tests’ have been constantly dropping. This has developed into yet another problem, and this is that since the grade have been dropping, students are not able to cope with the existing syllabus, and today, newer textbooks have to be written for students at a lower grade level, so that they may cope better. It is the truth that today’s newspapers and magazines are written for people at about a sixth grade level, and this is the standard of the average American citizen. What is even worse is the fact that many students are not at all aware of how little they are actually learning, and when they apply for University education elsewhere, it is then that they are forced to accept the fact that they have not received a good and solid education. (Shenandoah, 2002) An extract from a speech made in the Senate on January 23, 1990, shows that the author believes that the American education system is in deep trouble. One reason for this may be that everyone, politicians, educators, and numerous others who are involved in the system seem to have forgotten one important aspect of public education: the child. No one really seems to care for the child; more concern is being shown towards racial balance, effective teaching methods, an improvement of the curriculum, and so on and so forth, but the student, the child has become lost is all this. For example, in a school in North Carolina, importance is given to ‘racial balance’, wherein school children belonging to all types of races are put into the bus two hours before the start of school, and dropped off an hour before school is supposed to begin, and the children are quite worn out and tired even before school has started. (American Education in Trouble) In a similar manner, teachers are being trained into becoming more ‘effective’ teachers, and this would entail that they follow a set pattern of behaviors within the classroom so that they may be able to secure a better score with the administration. What about the children? Who cares about them? They are not allowed to interrupt, or even to become involved with the lesson being taught, because this may interfere with the ‘mandated’ behaviors that the effective teacher is set to follow, and lower his rating. Today, most states are becoming aware of the fact that this system is doing absolutely no good for the children, and are therefore trying to eliminate it. Another is the ‘merit pay’ system. This may be a credible concept and linked to the evaluation of teachers, but the problem here is that even today, the evaluation is carried out under the ‘effective teacher’ plan and not under the merit pay system, and therefore, this is not at all valid. The textbook system in public education in America today has, in fact, become more of an ‘absurdity’ than anything else. Textbooks today are not only becoming more and more expensive, but the content of the textbooks is also going down in its standard. Today, it is a fact that more and more textbooks are being written by the so called ‘experts’ in the field, and the curriculum as such is dictated by either the current educational ‘fad’ of the time, or by the special interests that the expert may have in the entire episode. It must be remembered that almost all educational fads last for a maximum period of ten years, and it is a sad fact indeed that by the time the teacher becomes accustomed to the content and the information contained within the textbooks, they have already become obsolete, and it is time to change them yet again. In addition, it is a fact that the textbook industry is a huge and lucrative one, and all the smaller schools and the smaller states find that they are completely at the mercy of the textbook selectors in the states, where they are the largest spenders. One example is the influence that a large state like California has had on the textbook industry. In recent times, California had rejected all the science textbooks because it felt that the subject matter of evolution had not been given enough importance and the information was much too scanty, and today, all science textbooks are full of assertions that want to prove that the unproven theory of evolution is indeed a fact. At the same time, religion was banished from textbooks, especially during the 1980’s, because of the separation of the church and the state and the controversy surrounding the issue. Teachers are also scapegoats in the education system in America, for who really cares for them? At the outset, they are extremely overworked, in fact, more than any other worker. They are forgotten too, just like their students, in the long run. At the same time, they are expected to care for the forgotten students, and they are also expected to teach more and more, despite the fact that they are not given more and more time in which to teach. Neither extra time nor money would be able to solve all these problems. And teachers may be asked to teach the basics of mathematics, English, science, a foreign language, and social studies instead. They must also be asked to teach those children who are well rested and well fed, and not exhausted after long bus rides and longer waits in the cafeteria. They may be evaluated by those persons who have a valid teaching certificate in their possession, and who have been active in the classroom for at least a minimum period of one year. In addition, if they were not given any extra duties, and if the administration was willing to share in any extra duties, then the teacher would be able to fare much better in the classroom, and care for her children in a way never done before. It is the opinion of Michael L Berger in his book entitled ‘The Public Education System’ that there are six important controversies that generally appear in American public education systems, and these are: the budget that has been allocated for the educational system, the various auxiliary services that are needed, the facilities and the equipment needed in schools, the basic curriculum of education, the various personnel involved in teaching, and finally, the administrative rules and regulations that have to be followed by the schools. In the book ‘Critical Social Issues in American Education: Democracy and Meaning in a Globalizing World’, the authors feel that it is the various interrelationships between different educational institutions, public education in particular, that is very important in the American public education system. Public education is in general, subject to a vast number of influences, like for example, community pressure, and community concerns. Schools also tend to interact with other schools, and therefore, leave an impact on each other; in other words, it can be said that there is a wide interaction between various aspects of the educational system, and when cultural and religious and other beliefs interact with budgetary concerns, and demographic concerns as well as politics and ideological debates come into the picture, the educational system has to keep all these considerations in mind so that it may be a good and an effective one. It is when it does not happen that the educational system suffers a setback. (Purpel; Shapiro, 2004) It must be remembered, however, that teachers are a very important part of the public education system anywhere in the world, and especially in the United States of America, and when taken from an economic point of view, it is the so-called ‘teacher unions’ that are not only producers of representative services, but are also consumers of such representative services in the educational system. From the time when unionization took place for teachers, during the 1960’s, the National Educational Association’ and the ‘American Federation of Teachers’ have been monopolizing the market in terms of representative services. This type of monopoly does indeed have its adverse effects, and these are that the costs have skyrocketed, and at the same time, the service has become vastly inferior to what it was before. (Leiberman, 2003). Finding the best possible schooling for a child in the present circumstances has indeed become an uphill task today, especially for minorities, like African- American children. Perhaps this may be because of the large number of options available to children today, what with the educational system being bombarded by ‘magnet programs’, charter schools’, and manifold other public school options. Parents today have to be choosier than ever before, and at times, this can very well be overwhelming. (Lord, 2005) Recently, when two important economists were asked the question about what was America’s greatest challenge today, the reply was that it was the education system. The problems can be seen as being from both outside and also from within the school and perhaps one of the most important reasons is the breakdown of the ‘family unit’. As parents today find less time to spend with their children, the school is expected to compensate. In addition, the decline of values in society is a major contributing factor, and this leads to a lack of basic discipline, a lack of attention, and so on. Another important factor is the worsening health of American children, and while some are exhausted and tired, some more are hungry, and some others are diagnosed with learning disabilities of some kind. The teaching system is also at fault, because children are forced to learn according to the teacher’s convenience and not to theirs’. The lack of emphasis on spiritual development can also be taken as a major factor contributing to the lackluster American public education system, and along with various other factors, this can become a major drawback. What can be done to change the educational system? Redesigning the public education system is a daunting task, but it must be undertaken for the betterment of American children and eventually the society. Long standing practices have to be reconsidered, high quality learning opportunities must be provided to American children even before kindergarten, and perhaps the existing method of promoting a child from one class to the next can be eliminated so that children may be allowed to learn and to progress at their own pace. More teachers must be brought in, and the quality of teaching must be improved. If at least some of these measures were to be adopted for a start, then changes can indeed be brought in to the declining public education system in the United States of America (Guillory, 2001). How to cite The Troubled American Education System, Papers

Economics for Global Decision Makers

Question: Discuss about economics for global decision makers. Answer: It is a well-written and well-explained post. The business cycle phase of Spain in the year 2013 showed positive signs after the country was hit badly by the global financial crisis of 2009. The global meltdown eventually resulted in the Eurozone Crisis in the coming years. National debt was high and the there were no signs of getting a refinance from the global forum (Burgen 2015). In such a state, Spain along with Portugal, Ireland, Greece and other European countries were unable to repay their debt obligations. In such a situation, the economy of Spain coped up a little in 2013. The result can be found in its Real GDP growth rate that decreased from a -2% to -1.7%. A 0.3% decrease in such a situation is of great importance. The second answer is commendable as it clearly explains the real GDP demand and the state of consumption during the year. Consumption and propensity to consume declined during the year as unemployment rate increased. People of the country lost jobs due to the condition of the economy (Europa.eu 2016). This resulted in a decrease in the disposable income that people used to have. As a result, of unemployment, industrial production was hampered that affected the net GDP of the country. Investment activities and industrial production rate has been linked nicely and the nexus between them has been brought out in a commendable manner. Employment rate and labour force participation rate has been explained very well. The calculations have been shown in a simple manner that can be understood by everyone. Data from both the years have been used in an impeccable manner to bring out the changes and the effect of changes on the economy of the country (focus-economics.com 2016). The impact of unemployment and the labour force participation rate on the real GDP in the year has an effect on the performance of the entire European economy. In question number six, the explanation provided is apt and sufficient to have a clear idea about the strength of currency of Spain. The impact of negative inflation or deflation on the purchasing power of the currency, linked with unemployment rate of the country has been explained in a proper manner. The calculations support the assertions made in explaining the answer. The relation between export and the fall in price of commodities in the domestic market along with its impact on the disposable income of the people has been indicated in the first part of the answer (the Guardian 2016). However, this portion required a little bit more elucidation. The demand and supply function has been hinted in this answer. Inflation rate does affect demand and prices of commodities. A positive attitude of the people has been indicated. The tendency of the people to save their limited income shows a positive sign. In this manner, savings can be channelized into suitable investment opportunities. Saving intentions along with spending pattern determines capital market participation. References Burgen, S. (2015).Growth up, joblessness falling is Spain's crisis finally over?. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/26/bank-of-spain-economic-recovery-accelerating [Accessed 5 Jun. 2016]. Europa.eu. (2016).EUROPA - Documents and publications. [online] Available at: https://europa.eu/publications/index_en.htm [Accessed 5 Jun. 2016]. focus-economics.com. (2016).Spain Economic Outlook. [online] Available at: https://www.focus-economics.com/countries/spain [Accessed 5 Jun. 2016]. the Guardian. (2016).Eurozone crisis | Business | The Guardian. [online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/debt-crisis [Accessed 5 Jun. 2016]..

8 Things People Decide Within Seconds of Meeting You

8 Things People Decide Within Seconds of Meeting You Within a couple of seconds of meeting you, someone instantly judges you.   First impressions are real and it contributes towards the way someone perceives  you. In that moment they decide if they like you or they don’t. So how do you give the best first impression? What are traits that people automatically can tell about you? Here are 8 things people decide within seconds of meeting you.  Source [Business Insider]

Foundations of Phsychology essays

Foundations of Phsychology essays Psychology research and studies have come a long way in learning more how the human brain affects the way we think, learn, and behave throughout the stages of life. Psychology first sparked a huge interest for further experiments and research when people were unable to recall memories that were tied to the response rendered following severe head trauma. According to (Kowalski In order to fully understand the brain and what makes people think, act, and behave in certain ways, we must learn and understand the schools of thought, the four perspectives, and who the major theorists were in each. Schools of Thought (Structuralism and Functionalism) William Wundt known as the father of psychology believed that there was more to psychology than just experiments, but rather a persons religion and language were also essential to understanding mental processes. He used objects which were presented to his observers to record their thoughts, sensations, and feelings and combined them together for a more meaningful perception on what manipulated those responses. Structuralism was introduced by a student of William Wundt who was known as Edward Tichener. He was most interested in the structural makeup of the conscious and unlike Wundt he believed that psychology should be studied only by experiments. Eventually, sensations and feelings were named as unscientific because this method was immeasurable. Back in the day, structuralism was considered the most powerful schools of thought. The second school of thought is functionalism, focused mainly on helping people to cope and adapt to their surroundings. William James a founder of functionalism believed that the study of psychology included many sources other than experiments, but rather thru the use of animals, children, and those con ...

International business finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International business finance - Essay Example It is obvious that each time a business is considering going abroad in its operations, there are likely risks that it is to face. These may be in regards to dealing with the local culture of the new market, the language, business practices and the regulations by the foreign governments (Tolentino 2000). A business has to therefore critically consider these factors before deciding on whether or not to venture on its operations abroad. Legal requirements; this has to be considered to help ensure that the business will oblige to the rules and regulations that support business in the new country (Eitemann, Stonehill & Moffett 1998). Lack of adherence to such rules and regulations normally cause conflicts and business problems in the process of trying to acquire new licenses or permits to commence operations. In most of the developing countries, the procedures or the rules are normally unnecessarily long due to the bureaucracies governing business procedures in those countries (Tolentino 2000). Therefore IBF must expect uphill tasks in obtaining such licenses in both majorities of the Asian and African states. The procedure of venturing into East Europe would not be quite hard since their regulatory procedures are quite easier. IBF should therefore get a way of accessing the legal procedures of the countries they want to exploit in each of the regions identified to avoid the possibility of paying huge fines and penalties for breach of laws. Thorough research on both business and accounting requirements and this will take place by hiring foreign accountant and legal attorney from those countries (Madura 1999). IBF should also consider the language in such a country since language barrier has in the past proved to be the greatest hindrance to business operations. The ease of understanding the official language should therefore be well known in advance. This owes to the fact that language is very important hence the business must consider the possibility and the cost o f hiring a translator in case they have to invest in a country where a language they don’t speak is spoken (Eitemann, Stonehill & Moffett 1998). The other factor is the cross cultural issues; these issues are to a large extent likely to affect business operations depending on the products. This will also dictate the manner in which business operations will be effected since it is not always automatic that business operations take the same direction in different operation environments. Cultural differences may influence the way business associates interact and hence influence the attitude (Tolentino 2000). The business intending to expand its operations abroad should also consider the risks both business and financial that they are likely to face in the foreign markets. This is done through thorough market analysis to weigh the risk exposures and the returns. This will inform on the decision of the prospects to undertake such ventures or drop them. Is risks become more than th e expected returns then the business is not profitable and is as good as not undertaken. Political factors are also necessary since businesses are only able to thrive in peaceful environments. Countries facing political instabilities are not good for business hence should be avoided by IBF due to the high political risks that they are likely to face. Therefore before a business ventures its operations in another country, they

There has been much written about september 11 and many visual Essay

There has been much written about september 11 and many visual accounts of the events of that day. these articles present a diff - Essay Example As such, it is the hope of this author that the reader can come to a more informed and broad understanding with regards to the way in which individual integration of understanding concerning the events of September 11th is channeled into society via the viewpoints within these specific articles. The first article, â€Å"September 11th, 2001: Picturing Time† focuses upon the way in which photographers of the events were impacted by what they saw, the ways in which others were impacted by these images, and the response mechanisms that these custodians of history applied to the most horrific spectacle they had likely ever seen. The author focuses upon the way in which the photographers were floored by the gravity of it all; so much so that they went into something of an autopilot mode – snapping pictures without coming to a complete understanding or cognition of what was going on around them. An example of this is the fact that many of these photographers had no recollecti on of the film they had snapped until such a time as it was returned to them from the developers. In short, this particular article represents the objectivist standpoint; in that the individuals responsible for chronicling these events were merely aware of the component parts of September 11th without being aware of the overall emotional gravity they portended. Conversely, the second article, entitled, â€Å"The Call to Life†, views the events from a moral standpoint; choosing instead to focus upon the horror of the way in which the events of that day ushered in an increased need for â€Å"the great public good of civil peace†. The author goes so far as to provide the quote from an unnamed friend who states, â€Å"Now we know what government is for†. Additional inflammatory/emotional language such as â€Å"protecting the flock† and denoted the terrorists as â€Å"evildoers† helps to further the emotionally charged rhetoric that was so common as ang er reached a boiling point soon after the attacks that brought down the twin towers. Another element that is represented alongside this seeming â€Å"righteous indignation† is the element of fear that was so pervasive. This element of fear is aptly noted in the following quote: â€Å"My daughter and I found ourselves discussing the need for a family plan shouldthere be a biological or chemical attack†. Although seemingly incongruous with the time in which we live, the reality of the time in which the article was written was quite different. The final article, entitled â€Å"After the Fall†, is unique in that it does not focus upon emotion and/or objectivity alone; rather it combines these and discusses the way in which iconoclasm has come to define the twin towers and 9/11 itself. The twin towers, as the author discusses, were never much beloved in the NYC skyline; however, even if these buildings were not the most attractive in terms of their architecture, they dominated the NYC skyline and commanded attention. Yet, it took their collapse to make them truly universally appreciated. The author goes on to argue that individuals throughout the country have turned these buildings into something of a shrine and anthropomorphized them to hold almost human qualities. This is of course expected after an attack and does not surprise. In short,

Pro-Firearm and Anti-Firearm Information Dissemination Essay

Pro-Firearm and Anti-Firearm Information Dissemination - Essay Example The tools that would no doubt convince someone to join their cause are the â€Å"buzz words† used to embellish violence.   Looking through some of the commentaries and discussions based on this second amendment right to â€Å"bear arms† has not been carried forward to read into the current societal concerns and general civil rights violations, but, rather has continued to be read as if this amendment was written yesterday.   It seems that the country thinks that society should in fact propagate the rights that were afforded during civil war unrest.   The amendment was meant to protect those in the military and fighting for the country to carry weapons (guns) while not out in the Warfield.   By including on the same front page of their website the cause to carry guns by law enforcement along with moving forward with legislation to allow normal everyday workers to carry guns to the workplace clouds the reader into thinking both subjects is one in the same.   Ver y deceitful in this writer’s opinion.The Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence (www.bradycampaign.org)On the other end of the spectrum is the anti-violence, anti-gun crusaders that hope to shed light on subjects that the NRA is providing as â€Å"fuzzy logic†.   The Brady Campaign website is also politically motivated by the general feel that one gets when directed to the home page of their site.   Although their site is much simpler to navigate through as opposed to the mass media outlets that the NRA places on their site, the only fallible aspect of their site is that. it is too politically motivated and no so much addressing the non-political psychological student of life. There is more of a feel that the person arriving at their site meant to go there and was not redirected by some other means. The tools that the Brady Campaign uses to have people join their site is the direct and open honesty of what they oppose. For instance, their education of the individual about the â€Å"shoot first law† (Brady Campaign) gives the average citizen a more of an insight as to how powerful the NRA actually is and as their site says, â€Å"in a country where thousands die needlessly every year in gun accidents and violent confrontations, this law is an enormous step backwards in civic responsibility and public safety. What's more, it envisions a society in which fear and distrust are the rule, and reason and responsibility are an endangered species†. (Brady Campaign) A major issue with this shoot first law is their exact astonishment by such organizations as the Million March Moms that if you are not a citizen of these states that have passed these bills to enact these types of laws and visit there, you can be an innocent victim of a shooting due to miscommunication between t he victim and shooter. Which Side is Correct

The Effects of Structural Adjustment Programs

The Effects of Structural Adjustment Programs INTRODUCTION At independence, most African countries had their economies rely heavily on the production of primary commodities especially agriculture. However due to a sharp increase of market prices of agricultural products such as cocoa, tea, coffee and many more in the global market in the 1970s. Many economies of African countries grew significantly for example the real GDP of Kenya grew by 6.5% a year, by about 15% in Zambia in 1964-73 (Adepoju, 1993). African governments responded to their newly acquired fortune by increasing government expenditures in their respective countries thus less government savings. As the world was plunged into the oil crisis of the 1970s, when the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) increased world oil prices so as to generate more income which they invested in the banks of developed countries. As a result, these banks embarked on a mission to loan African countries so as to facilitate the purchase of products and services offered to African countries by developed industries. Therefore African countries were encouraged and manipulated into borrowing huge sums of money from western banks. However the money borrowed by African banks ended up in the pockets of corrupt government officials, unnecessary projects or on luxuries by leaders and very little was invested so as to attain sustainable economic growth (Toussaint and Comanne 1995: 15). Moreover, the loans given to African countries were accompanied with very low interest rates. However, the situation changed drastically as the United States of America and European states increased interest rates so as to stop inflation. Hence, African countries that had borrowed money from Western banks had to pay back their loans with huge amounts of interest. These culminated into inability to pay up the loans by African countries and therefore were forced to take up new loans to pay up the increased interests (George 1995: 21 cook). As a result of the need to take up new loans by developing countries, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank developed the structural adjustment programs, economic policies as condition for the provision of loans in the late 1970s. This paper will therefore aim to give a brief overview of the Structural Adjustment Programs, by putting into focus the key components and objectives of the programs. Furthermore, the paper will highlight on Structural Adjustment Programs in Kenya, the effects of the programs in Kenya and finally draw a conclusion of the overall effects of Structural Adjustment Programs in Africa. OVERVIEW OF STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGAMS Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) according to leftwitch (1996) is defined as a set of institutional and economic measures intended to solve the macroeconomic problems facing developing countries by correcting a country’s borrowing deficit, reducing the intervention of governments in the economy and opening up the state’s economy to the world market. The SAPs designed by the Bretton woods institution, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund and later embraced by other major international financial institutions, were believed to consist of policies that would bring about reduction of poverty and sustainable economic growth. As underlined in the World health Organization website (2014), Structural Adjustment Programs echoes the neo-liberal ideology which pushes for globalization; hence was aimed at realizing a long-term economic growth in poor countries by encouraging the restructure and reduction of government intervention in the economy. Therefore, the components Structural Adjustment Programs as advocated by the IMF and the World Bank include: the devaluation of local currency, balance of payments management, government reduction of social services through cutting of public spending, social spending and budget deficit, reduction of tax on high earners, reduction of inflation, suppression of wages, lowering of import tariffs, tightened monetary policy. Governments were also encouraged or sometimes forced to lessen their role in the economy, hence privatize state-run industries, deregulate businesses and open up their economies to foreign competition so as to increase free trade. The Structural Adjustment Programs was a financing mechanism of the international monetary fund to support macroeconomic policies and reforms in low-income countries through low interest subsidizations and loans. According to (Finch 1985 cook), Structural Adjustment Programs were intended to provide long-term solutions to economic problems facing developing countries around the world by facilitating the achievement of sustained growth and economic stability. They were also designed to eliminate unsustainable external and internal imbalances of a countries economy. Finch further argues that, the champions of SAPs, believe it was a forward-looking and long-term solution to underdevelopment in Africa and Latin America, as it seek to increase the elasticity of an economy to have the ability to respond to changes, stimulate efficiency utilization and allocation of resources, elimination of trade deficits and finally balance the expenditure and revenue of the government. Therefore the prog rams were created as a result of the failures of the Band-Aid projects and programs which mostly responded to crises instead of enchanting a pre-emptive stance which would look into preventing crises before they arise. STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMS IN KENYA Kenya gained independence in 1963, a period when the global economy was expanding and stable. This was as a result of the high prices of primary commodities that Kenya exported for example tea and coffee, therefore the country acquired a huge sum of foreign exchange which it reserved and thus could afford to deal any instability in the economy. Consequently, it can be deduced that the first decade after Kenya gained independence was a period of high aspirations and economic prosperity (Swamy 1994). The economic sector of Kenya in the first 10 years after independence had made tremendous progress, this is depicted by the fact that the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) had grown by 6.6%. Hence investments and savings for its per capita income were relatively high, thus Kenya could provide a better life for its citizens. For instance there was a tremendous increase in the number of schools between 1963 and 1982. Health services were improved with an increase of hospitals leading to an increase of life expectancy from 44 years at independence to 68 years in the 1980s whereas infant mortality had dropped significantly from about 220 deaths per 1000 new born to 70 per 1000 new born. With the facts mentioned, it is evident that Kenya was actually doing better than most sub-Saharan countries (Swamy 1994:196). However, as the world went into recession in the 1970s with the inflating oil prices, Kenya economic problems started after an experiment in expansionary fiscal policies which brought about a severe rundown of reserves. Like other African countries, the 1973 oil crisis worsened the living conditions of Kenyans. The situation was worsened with the dropping of prices of Kenya’s main export products, poor technology, high population growth, drought, and collapse of East African Community. In a bid to cub to emerging economic problems, Kenya successfully applied for a structural adjustment loan from the World Bank in 1980. The loan was aimed at helping Kenya correct the economic imbalances of its economy; implement institutional reforms for a sustainable and balanced economic growth. As Mwega and Kabubo 1994 argue, the loan was meant to finance structural changes in the industrial sector, promote the efficient use of external assets and enhance effectiveness of public assets. Moreover, the loan was given with conditions which required Kenya to reduce budget deficit, promote exports, liberalize trade, reform interest rate regime and cut down its funding on social services. The first structural adjustment loan was followed by another loan in in 1982 which was intended to accomplish similar objectives as the first loan. In 1986, Kenya applied for its third structural adjustment loans was aimed at implementing reforms in the agriculture sector so as to improve production, provide finances for the importation of agricultural inputs, improve agricultural research institutes and support reforms of parastatals in the restructure of publics assets and expenditure programs (Rono, 2002). Another structural loan was signed in 1988 which introduced reforms in the social service sectors especially in health and education. The policy reforms agreed upon included the introduction of cost-sharing in the provision of social services. This is where beneficiaries of services such as education and health were to pay for them either partially or fully. The reforms forced the government to withdraw its funding from health and education. Furthermore the policies forced the g overnment to retrench many civil servants in a bid to cut down its expenditure on the salaries of civil servants (Rono, 2002). EFFECTS OF STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMS IN KENYA Structural adjustment programs have encompassed withdrawal or reduction of government expenditures on social services and basic needs mainly in the health, agriculture and education sectors. Competition from subsidized imported goods has been a major challenge for local products in Kenya due to the competition they bring about. As a result of this, the poor are continuously being exposed to austere socio-economic risks for instance retrenchment and unemployment. The effects of structural adjustment products cut across a number of sectors in the Kenyan society, however this paper will focus on the effects of structural adjustment programs on education, health, agriculture, and politics Education After independence, Kenya had been making remarkable progress in the education sector. This being measured by the number of education institutions, the rate of enrollment in universities, secondary and primary school, in addition to this, is also the level of literacy rate in the country. Education, at the time of independence was an inspiration to the human capital ideology, therefore was regarded as an important tool for economic and socio-political transformations for post-colonial Kenya. Hence the government took the sole responsibility of financing, controlling and providing free education to the citizens (Obamba, 2009). Education being given its due importance by the government, its key feature was the rapid growth of enrollment at every level of education institutions, leading to an increase in educational expenditure. For example, recurrent expenditure on education amplified from 15% in 1960s to about 40% in 1980s (Rono, 2002). However in the 1980s, after the Kenyan government started taking structural adjustment loans, there was significant swing in government funding of higher education arose due to the emergence of neoliberal economic policies of the structural adjustment programs that played a major role in policy-making of higher education. The government was forced to withdraw funding on education and further introduced tuition cost-sharing tuition fees (Obamba, 2009). The introduction of school fees led to an increased number of school dropouts, low enrollment, underdevelopment and inequality in that only the children of well off Kenyans could afford education at the expense of the poor Kenyan families. The students who failed to complete their education, failed to get employed hence the continuous degradation of standard of living in Kenya (Rono, 2002). Health Health being an important aspect of the socio-economic development of a country, Kenya after its independence embarked to address the issues of inequality brought about by the colonial development and administration. Therefore, the provision of health to all the citizens was a priority of the government. This commitment was evident with the fact that, the government provided free health services to members of the public. Moreover the public was encouraged to take part in construction of clinics, hospitals and medical training. This increased health personnel and medical structures in the country. As a result, life expectancy increased from 44 years at independence to 68 years in the 1980s whereas infant mortality dropped significantly from about 220 deaths per 1000 new born to 70 per 1000 new born (Rono, 2002). However, the economic pressures brought about in the 1980s by the structural adjustment programs placed a lot of pressure on the government’s expenditure. Subsequently, the government responded by cutting down on social services especially in health. The government introduced cost sharing whereby the beneficiaries of health services were to pay some amount of money before receiving health services for the medication and the government catering the cost of medical personnel. Thereafter medical quality has been deteriorating, thus affecting Kenyans and especially the poor and the vulnerable groups. This has led to the reduction of life expectancy rate of 68 years in the 1970s to 61 years in 2012 (Data: Life expectancy at birth, total (years), 2014) . Agriculture The structural adjustment programs on agriculture were meant to introduce reforms that would provide incentives of increased production to farmers. Although, there were improved policy reforms on implementation, agriculture and food production has been declining. SAPs were meant to remove government control and monopoly in agricultural products marketing, pricing, imports and distribution. Decontrol of prices, trade liberalization and deregulation of market encouraged the participation of the private sector in the production and distribution of agricultural products. However trade liberalization worked out to be a disadvantage of local farmers as it allowed for cheaper imports of subsidized agricultural commodities from western countries. This culminated in the collapse of certain agricultural industries in Kenya for example cotton (Nyangito, 2003). Politics Structural adjustment programs have had a mixed impact on the political arena of Kenya. It would be unfair to overlook the positive effects the programs have had on politics in the country. It is true to say that the program enforced by the World Bank and International Monetary Fund ushered in of political pluralism, greater democracy, respect for human rights and accountability of the government to the citizens. However the positive effects came accompanied with a list of negative impacts too. The programs are accused of heightening tribal tensions, polarizing communities and further increased ferocious ethnic clashes that have resulted in the death of hundreds of people and a lot being displaced as well. Moreover, the programs are said to have lessened national leaders to tribal chiefs leading to the infusion of tribalism in all sectors of development thus being an obstacle to growth and development (Rono, 2002). CONCLUSION Within the African context, the impacts of the structural adjustment programs have been a controversial issue. Presently, just about 20 years after the programs were introduced in Africa, they continue to be detested by the people because they were conveyed by a number of conditions that have worsened the living conditions of Africans. Scholars have argued that these conditions are based on economic models that are not fit for the social structure and situation of Africa. The programs were intended to improve the economy in the long run but in the short run, the social aspect of human development especially in the provision of social services has been ignored and suffered tremendously. African scholars should therefore with solutions to counter the problem brought about by structural adjustment programs rather than letting western scholars experiment programs with no reference to the social-cultural background of Africans. BIBLIOGRAPHY Adepoju, A. (1993). The Impact of Structural Adjustment on the Population of Africa. In A. Adepoju, The Impact of Structural Adjustment on the Population of Africa (pp. 1-6). London: Villiers Publication. Data: Life expectancy at birth, total (years). (2014, November 21). Retrieved from The World Bank Group : http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN Leftwich, A. (1996). â€Å"Two Cheers for Democracy? Democracy and the Developmental State.† In Leftwich, A. (ed) Democracy and Development: Theory and Practice. Polity Press: Cambridge. Mwega, F.W. and Ndulu K. (1994). Economic Adjustment Policies. In Barkan, J.D. Beyond Capitalism verses Socialism in Kenya and Tanzania, Nairobi, East African Educational Publishers. Nyangito, H.O. (2003). Agricultural Trade Reforms in Kenya under the World Trade Organization Framework. KIPPRA PP No. 25 Obamba, M. O. (2009). Myth and ceremony: Contested Marketization and Internationalization Regimes in Kenyas Higher education. Journal of Higher Education in Africa, 7(3), 125–149. Programs:World Health Organisation. (2014, November 21). Retrieved from World Health Organisation: http://www.who.int/trade/glossary/story084/en/ Rono, J. K. (2002). The Impact of the Structural Adjustment Programmes on Kenyan Society. Journal of Social Development in Africa, 17(1), 81-98. Swammy, G. (1994). Adjustment in Africa: Lessons from Country Case Studies, Washington, DC, the World Bank Toussaint, E. and Comanne, D. (1995): Globalization and Debt. Notebooks for Study and Research 24/25. 1

Willy Loman, An Idiot with A Dream in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman :: Death of a Salesman

Willy Loman, An Idiot with A Dream in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman   Ã‚  Ã‚   A common idea presented in literature is the issue of the freedom of the individual in opposition to the controlling pressures of society. Willy Loman, the main character in Death of A Salesman by Arthur Miller, epitomizes this type of person; one who looks to his peers and co-salesman as lesser individuals. Not only was he competitive and overbearing, but Willy Loman sought after an ideal that he could never become: the greatest salesman ever. Determined to make money, Willy became uncontrollable and somewhat insane. Through his dialogue and actions, Willy Loman portrays a character of insecurity, persistence, and unknown identity.   Ã‚  Ã‚   From the very beginning of his life, Willy Loman experienced problems with his popularity and personality. His last name is a pun on a "low man." He is at the bottom of the business world as an unsuccessful salesman. In addition, his theories on life and society prove to be very degrading, not to mention influential to his mind set every day. Willy believes that being well-liked and having a personal attractiveness, together, can bring success, money, and many friends. Ironically, Willy does not have many friends and many people do not like him. With a beauty unlike others, Willy thinks that doors will open and problems will all disappear.   Ã‚  Ã‚   As a salesman, Willy developed many hindrances that caused his mind to deteriorate. His life as a salesman was built on a dream that he witnessed as a child. At an early age, Willy heard of a salesman, Dave Singleman, who could make his living out of a hotel room. Singleman was very successful and when he died, people from all over the country came to his funeral. It was this ideal that Willy Loman sought after. All he ever wanted was fame, popularity, and a few friends. Unfortunately, when Willy died, not a single person went to his funeral. His life, one that was spent trying to become another person, namely Dave Singleman, was a waste as no-one even wanted to see him buried.   Ã‚  Ã‚   In reflection of his career with the Wagner Company, many other problems arose that forced economic difficulties on him and his family. He was determined to live by ideals that placed him above everyone else. It was with these lies and illusions that Willy's life began to lose its' air of

European Business Environment Essay

Introduction This paper focuses on the enlargement of the European Union (EU) and its effects on external and internal relations. Taking into account the analysis and forecast presented before enlargement, it shows the real consequences of the development. The most essential consequences, as well as problems in part of decision-making and administration in the EU, social consequences of the enlargement, as well as the result of the possible economic enlargement of the on both existing member countries and new entrant countries. In taking into account the future of the European Union and the perception of regional European, the study specify that for the first time in many decades the EU has the opportunity to strengthen the global role of the society and reunify the continent supported by a common democratic standards and rules, a collapse in the process of European integration would mainly perhaps mean the gradual marginalization of Europe as a foremost actor of international associations. The collapse of the Soviet Union and the fall of the bipolar order greatly affected the development of European integration. One of the main basic challenges was the disappearance of the Eastern Bloc, as the threat of the Soviet hostility served for many years as a amalgamate aspect for the Western community (Baun, 2004). The next challenge was the unification of Germany, as it was obvious for most of European countries that the prospect role and position of the united German state would be stronger and further important than that of Cold War-era Western Germany. At the same illustration, the European Union, formally established by the Treaty of Maastricht on 1 November 1993, had to respond to broader problems about its international target and the future shape. It was apparent that the European Union possibly could not have opened its door to nation that was unwary or unable to prove the good organization of their democratic governance. Additionally, the setback for the EU was that planed to outlook for the relationship served as encouragement for the new democratic organization in East-Central Europe to carry on their complex and socially troublesome reforms, the flourishing results of which became significant for the strength of the whole continent. The solution was the Copenhagen condition, explained at the summit of the European Council in Copenhagen in 1993. The rules placed general necessities for starting effective democratic organizations, respect for individual and minority human rights, and suitable instruments for promised market economy (Lindner, 2003).Upon meeting the requirement, the first candidates was capable of open the accession talks in 1998. Ten new members that united the European Union on 1 May 2004 completed these consultations in 2002. Jointly with the growth in 2004, the EU-15 developed into EU-25; after Bulgarian and Romanian accession on 1 January 2007, the coming together became the EU-27. The growth from 15 to 27 member states was the biggest in the history of European incorporation process growing the number of the EU population from about 380 to 485 million. The new states members were medium-sized and small countries, though; each of the new associate has achieved the same rights as existing members of the EU. The enlargement of Eastern has been the major difficulties in the history of European integration, not simply because of the number of new states member joining the European Union at the same time, but mainly because of differences in the level of the gross national product (GNP) involving the old and the new members states of the EU. An evaluation of GNP per capita confirms that the richest new members state have not go beyond 40% of the standard EU-15 level and much bigger asymmetry is opened by the evaluation with the wealthiest states members of the old union (Miles, 2004). In reality, earlier enlargement rounds, like the one in 1973, to comprise the Ireland, Denmark and United Kingdom the one in 1995, to include Austria, Finland, and Sweden, was accessions of states similar in economic improvement and wealth. Merely the membership of Spain and Greece in 1981 and Portugal in 1986 caught up the enlargements of countries, which were much not as good as at the moment of their accession than the standard member of the society. This led to a question of harmony between the poorer members and the rich, and needed additional financial contribution of the wealthiest member states to sustain political and economic transformation in the new member countries. Although the old member countries reacted with hesitation, they finally agreed to such assistance, being aware that it would support democratic transformation on the Continent and support to eliminate intimidation of instability for the whole society, while contributing to formation of the common European marketplace. Nevertheless the Eastern enlargement twenty years later on was incomparable in its unevenness of economic potentials and the interns of GNP per capita involving the old and the new members still with the Southern growth of the European Community (EC) in the mid-1980s (Nugent, 2004). This irregularity of enlargement collectively with fears in Western Europe about social cost, problems of intra-union administration as well as the continuing crises of EU characteristics have compounded the face of the Eastern enlargement years after the enlargement, these concern continue to distress the integration development, consequently it is worth focusing on a few of them. Even ahead of agreement, it was obvious that the Eastern enlargement from 15 to 28 members would force management and decision-making processes in the European Union, as well as the possible to paralyze or at least make difficult the mechanisms formed in the EU-15. Predicting the enlargement, the old members attempted to organize the internal decision-making systems to incorporate the new members. The Amsterdam and Nice Treaties broaden the scope of verdict to be taken supported on Qualified Majority Voting (QMV), as an alternative of harmony, and the Nice Treaty formed a specific majority system (Schmitter, 2004). It established each of the 27 members an exact number of votes gleaming its demographical potential. The major members of the EU France, Germany, Italy and the UK, were awarded 29 votes each, and the smallest states: Luxembourg 3 and Malta 4 votes, correspondingly. Poland, as the largest new member, was given 27 votes, the equivalent to the number as Spain. However, the rule of the accord has remained at as the foundation of all decision-making in the EU, particularly when it comes to critical political decisions. Even so, the caution of Taylor remained applicable as the effectiveness of decision-making in the distended European Union needed further internal amendment. The response was Treaty making a Constitution for Europe signed in Rome on 29 October 2004. The new agreement went comparatively far in its application, yet Netherlands and the France rejected the European Constitution in referendums and the last effort to improve the internal utility of the EU was the Lisbon Treaty signed on 13 December 2007. The Lisbon Treaty is in actual fact a series of provisions originally presented in the European Constitution. It has make things easier for the   EU’s legal procedures and has established the European Union a legal personality, as well as helping harmonization of the EU’s policies establishing the posts of the EU President and Foreign Minister. It reflects the objections of some members who strained the principal independence of the member states, resultant in the cut of most references that could advocate for the character of the European Union as a (super-) state, counting the initial names of the new EU council. As an effect, the new EU Foreign Minister has lastly become the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. However, the prospect of the treaty had been vague for almost two years, as its implementation required confirmation in all member states. After the optimistic result of the second Irish referendum on 2 October 2009, the president of the Czech Republic, the Polish president, Vaclav Klaus and Lech Kaczynski, finally decided to sign the Treaty. This permitted the Lisbon Treaty to come in into force on 1 December 2009 (Nugent, 2004a). The approach of the citizens in the new member states towards European incorporation has generally been optimistic. For instance, the effects of the agreement referendum in Poland demonstrated support for the association at 77%. After enlargement, assistance in Poland is still at a high level of about 70% (Preston, 1997). The Office of the Committee for European Integration, Warsaw 2009 all together, still, enlargement provoked serious worries among Western EU member countries. The forecast of the enlargement were a basis of anxiety among the populace in the old, wealthier counties members of the EU, as well as the fears of joblessness and huge immigration of employees from the much poorer states of East-Central Europe. Piotr M. Kaczynski specified that the new states were better organized for enlargement as they projected changes and were required to plan for membership. The older members and their societies only experienced the test of the Eastern enlargement on the day of new members’ agreement (Nugent, 2004b). This resulted in the distribution of fears and slogans about the â€Å"Polish nurse† or â€Å"Polish plumber† frightening for employment chances for local Western Europeans. Few in Western Europe left devoid of the benefits of the Eastern enlargement for stabilization, democratization, and union of the continent. Yet the Westerners worried that Eastern enlargement would establish   the questions of decision-making, management, asymmetry in economic potentials and as well as raise the requirement for a broader process of structuring mutual consideration between the two share equally of Europe divided for almost 50 years by the â€Å"Iron Curtain.† (Hagemann, Sara/De, Julia 2007) Still, there were numerous forecasts concerning the migration prospective. Some of them projected that the immigration from the new states would differ from 6% to even 30% of their total populace (105 million), but those more practical showed that the migration would be approximately 3-5% or yet only 2% in the longer time, taking return migration into consideration (Nugent, 2004b). In actuality, the Eastern enlargement has only in part established the fears of Western European civilization and its social effects have been less serious than projected. At the same time, it has established most of the scholars’ forecasts. In agreement with the data obtainable by Euro stat for the end of 2008, the total digit of the immigrants from the new states members has been approximately 1.7 million (Guà ©rot, 2005).This does not comprise session seasonal personnel, the number of which could be expected as an additional few hundred thousand with a propensity to sluggish down for the reason that of the current world economic disaster. The most frequent immigrants were Poles (Poland being the most crowded new member state) and Romanians operating mostly in the Ireland, Spain, and United Kingdom. Polish specialist have projected that the actual number of Poles operating in the old member countries of the EU has been at the level of 1–1.12 million (out of entirety 38 million of populace) with a possible of additional 0.6 million of seasonal recruits (Stacey, and Berthold 2003). These numbers may seem considerable, but it would be difficult to treat them as a massive influx of workers from the East. All in all, the trouble of migration from the new state member cannot be overlooked and will go on to play an important role in the opinion of euro-skeptics, but it emerge to be much less grave than originally estimated. This is accurate mainly in the situation of the current world economic catastrophe and increasing social protests adjacent to the foreign employment force in the UK and other principal states of the European Union. It may perhaps also persuade the old members to formulate informal efforts at protectionism, although the regulations of the free movement of industry and capital within the European particular market. One of the areas of debate before enlargement was the cost of the process. Yet it seems that the Eastern enlargement of the European Union has not been overly expensive, especially in comparison to the benefits. Several authors have concluded that in the longer term the enlargement would have small but positive growth effects on the whole EU, although lower in the case of the old members and higher with regard to new member states, with forecasts of an additional overall EU growth by 0.5 to 0.7%. However, it is clear that the main benefits of the enlargement are political ones, namely the opportunity to reunify the Continent and in this context, the costs of the enlargement were indeed low (estimated for the financial framework 2004-2006 at 40.16 billion euro, or 1.08% of EU GNP) (Faber, 2009). Though, looking at the differences in economic prospective and wealth-level involving the old states and new states members, it seems not possible to expect that their convergence would be attained in the short or even medium time. This implies a tough need for aiding funds from the richest states of the European Union for the improvement of the new state members. Therefore, the dilemma of financial unity between the poorest and the richest in the EU will turn into much more grave for the future of the Union than whichever time before, still after the Southern enlargement in the 1980s (Falkner, 1996). The narrow financial wealth at the Union’s disposal has led to discussion in the EU about its financial point of view. The member states take up two differing positions. France and Germany, as the leading donors, have grown hesitant to increase their assistance to the common EU budget. The financial discussions for the period 2007-2013 incorporated the demand of the major net-contributors to edge the EU resources to 1% of the Community’s GNP. The ultimate resolution accepted a maximum of 1.045%, but the indecision of the richest members to wrap the additional expenditure of the enlarged EU was understandable. The new state members, conversely, joined the EU with the hope of financial support and harmony. Knowing that their active growth depend on the kindness of the richest states of the EU, the new state fear that, the imposing idea of harmony might crash with the exaction economic interests of the main EU members. Such a distribution of the EU members into the center of the most urbanized and wealthiest nations and East-Central Europe as an edge could intimidate European integration. Yet even though the limited economic resources exist in the EU budget, the supporting of the new members states has been reasonable so far. Poland, for instance, as the largest recipient, is getting a net-assistance of â‚ ¬60 billion in the episode of 2007-2013, mostly in the form of structural and solidity funds. However, the most important concern is to keep this level of the help in the next financial agenda (2014-2020). This will be the main issue of the future discussion. The wealthiest and strongest states of the EU have well thought-out reducing some forms of support to new member’s states and support spending that would center more on new technologies, competitiveness, and innovation of the EU in the global economy. Even if it is apparent that the EU requires being more successful on the global prospect, it is evident that the financial capital available in the upcoming EU budget for innovation and new technologies would most possibly help the wealthiest state of the Union. The new states with their much poorer economies and less innovative will not be capable to struggle for this money. The new East-Central European members projected full-fledged contribution in the decision-making method of the EU, as well as value for their opinion, despite their imperfect economic potentials. But the political discussion just after the Eastern extension, which led into the new suggestion of the European Constitution and the Lisbon Treaty, were challenging for the new members states and tackle them with the perception of the new form of the European Union only a few months following their agreement. These circumstances were most difficult for Poland the largest country in the group of new states, however a medium-size state members in the EU with its ambition of playing an active political task in the European Union. In the case of Poland, which was to lower some of its recognized position in the EU exacted in the number of votes in a number of Union institutions, it was hard to clarify to people why the regulations of the membership must be altered so quickly after the agreement. Examining the first epoch after the Eastern extension, Piotr M. Kaczynski sustains that the economic outcome of the growth have been clearly constructive. The new state members improved quickly and much earlier than expected. Though, he finds that the political aspect of the enlargement is harder to review. After a first period of compliance, the new state members, particularly Czech Republic and the Poland, became more self-confident in the EU, which resulted to some quarrel between the administration of these nations and EU system. Equally Czech Republic and the Poland mainly reacted to the thoughts coming from the Western part of the EU. Their political program, if any, were typically poorly set and cast off (Steunenberg, 2002a). Later, after the enlargement, Poland and all new members comprehend more visibly that it is not only the amount of votes that make a decision their place and ability to pressure decision-making procedures in the EU. They have attained convenient experience and become more familiar with the actual political device, including the regulations of effective alliance building and cooperation. Dirk Leuffen has explained it as a progression of â€Å"socialization† in which the new state members learn how to deal with the informal and formal rules and standards in the EU. From his perspective point of view, this socialization should be well thought-out as a medium-term development ( Dirk 2010). The skill gained; during the five years following the enlargement appear to back up that the time of socialization will be shorter relatively than longer. The current Polish-Swedish suggestion of Eastern Partnership (Steunenberg, 2002b), to reinforce collaboration with several Eastern neighbors of the inflamed European Union, helped by the other members of the EU, demonstrate that new states can efficiently take part to flourishing program, or at slightly be significant partners of doing well initiatives offered together with some old states members. As consequence, the succession of the new states from East-Central Europe has not been as â€Å"detrimental† to the EU administration as it was at times recommended in Western Europe earlier than the enlargement. In conclusions, the effects of the Eastern enlargement on external and internal relations of the European Union have not been as â€Å"tragic† as it was occasionally feared prior to enlargement. The addition from 15 to 28 member nations, as well as the significant economic unevenness between old state and new state member have shaped some administration problems for the EU, but they have not busted it. The European Union ought to now focus on amplification of its present instruments and institutions. The new states have rapidly learned the Union’s regulations and procedures and to place political conciliation before majority of votes. Thus, the agreement code has retained its center value in the EU. The significance of the incorporation process is the vision of a new regional individuality based on resolution among the European countries. The Eastern enlargement has opened the way to a real unification of the continent. After the occurrence of two World Wars on its region, it behooves Europe not to lose this opportunity. Thus, harmony between the old states and new members remains the subject to a flourishing future of the society. References Baun, Michael 2004: â€Å"Intergovernmental Politics†. In: Nugent, Neill (ed.) European Union Enlargement. Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 132-145. Blockmans, Steven/Prechal, Sacha (eds.) 2008: Reconciling the Deepening and Widening of the European Union. The Hague: T.M.C Asser Press Dehousse, Renaud/Deloche-Gaudez, Florence/Duhamel, Olivier (eds.) 2006: Élargissement. Common l’Europes’adapte. Paris: Centre d’à ©tudes europà ©ennes, Presses Sciences Po. Dirk Leuffen 2010. â€Å"Breaking the Camel’s Back? Eastern Enlargement and EU Governance.† ECPR Paper Number 853, Center for Comparative and International Studies, ETH Zurich, p. 6 Faber, Anne 2009: â€Å"Eastern Enlargement in Perspective: A Comparative View on EC/EU Enlargements†. In: Loth, Wilfried (ed.): Experiencing Europe. 50 Years of European Construction 1957-2007. Baden-Baden: Nomos, pp. 305-325. Falkner, Gerda 1996: â€Å"Enlarging the European Union†. In: Richardson, Jeremy J. (ed.) European Union. Power and policy-making. London/New York: Routledge, pp. 233-246 Guà ©rot, Ulrike 2005: †Consequences and Strategic Impact of Enlargement on the (Old) EU†. In: Brimmer, Esther/ Frà ¶hlich, Stefan (eds.): The Strategic Implications of European Union Enlargement. Johns Hopkins University: Centre for Transatlantic Relations, pp. 53-72. Hagemann, Sara/De Clerck-Sachsse, Julia 2007: Decision-Making in the Council of Ministers: Evaluating the Facts. CEPS Policy brief No. 119, January 2007, available at http://www.ceps.be. Lindner, Johannes 2003: â€Å"Institutional stability and change: two sides of the same coin†. Journal of European Public Policy 10:6, December 2003, pp. 912-935. Miles, Lee 2004: â€Å"Theoretical Considerations†. In: Nugent, Neill (ed.) European Union Enlargement. Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 253-265. Nugent, Neill (ed.) 2004: European Union Enlargement. Palgrave Macmillan. Nugent, Neill 2004a: â€Å"Previous Enlargement Rounds.† In: Nugent, Neill (ed.): European Union Enlargement. PalgraveMacmillan, pp. 22-33. Nugent, Neill 2004b: â€Å"Distinctive and Recurrent Features of Enlargement Rounds.† In: Nugent, Neill (ed.): European Union Enlargement. Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 56-69. Preston, Christopher 1997: Enlargement and Integration in the European Union. London/New York: Routledg Schmitter 2004: â€Å"Neo-Neofunctionalism†. In: Wiener, Antje/Diez, Thomas (eds.): European Integration Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 45-74. Stacey, Jeffrey/Rittberger, Berthold 2003: â€Å"Dynamics of formal and informal institutional change in the EU†. Journal of European Public Policy 10:6, December 2003, pp. 858-883. Steunenberg, Bernard (ed.) 2002: Widening the European Union. The politics of institutional change and reform. London/New York: Routledge. Steunenberg, Bernard 2002a: â€Å"Enlargement and reform in the European Union†. In: Steunenberg, Bernard (ed.): Widening the European Union. The politics of institutional change and reform. London/New York: Routledge, pp. 3-20. Steunenberg, Bernard 2002b: â€Å"An even wider Union. The effects of enlargement on EU decision-making†. In: Steunenberg, Bernard (ed.): Widening the European Union. The politics of institutional change and reform. London/ New York: Routledge, pp. 97-118.

Evaluation and Comparison of School-based Nutrition Programmes in the UK, Saudi Arabia and South-east Asia (Singapore and Malaysia) The WritePass Journal

Evaluation and Comparison of School-based Nutrition Programmes in the UK, Saudi Arabia and South-east Asia (Singapore and Malaysia) Introduction Evaluation and Comparison of School-based Nutrition Programmes in the UK, Saudi Arabia and South-east Asia (Singapore and Malaysia) ). As Toh et al. (2002) suggest, there are also high levels of obesity in Singapore, amongst certain socioeconomic groups, with this obesity negatively affecting children’s health. As Bundy et al. (2006) note, school-based nutrition programmes are useful in terms of improving the health of schoolchildren affected by poor nutritional intake, with these programmes being ubiquitous in many different countries, both low and high income countries. The main aims of such programmes are to improve the nutritional intake of schoolchildren in order to improve their overall health and cognitive functioning to be able to improve their overall academic performance (Bundy et al., 2006). Such programs have been successful in encouraging a greater intake of fruit and vegetables in fast food-addicted children and, as a result, in decreasing the incidence of overweight and obesity (Howerton et al., 2007). As Oldroyd et al. (2008) suggest, the effectiveness of nutritional interventions differs according to socioeconomic status with children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds being more likely to drop out of such programmes and being less likely, therefore, to see the benefits o f such programmes. Suggested methodology It is suggested that a quantitative survey is developed that would be administered to various public health officials in the UK, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia and Singapore. This survey would be administered with a view to collecting data, which would allow the main aims and objectives of the suggested research to be explored. Expected outcomes The main expected outcomes would be the development of the thesis, via the exploration of the research question and the aims and objectives of the research. It is expected that several research articles would also be developed and that conference talks would be given. Suggested timetable The research would take place over a period of three years; the first six months would be used to prepare the literature review, with the next year being used to collect the survey data. The following six months would be used for data analysis and the remaining six month period would be used to write up the findings and to complete the written thesis. References Abou-Zeid, A-H. et al. (2006). Anaemia and nutritional status of schoolchildren living at Saudi Arabian high altitude areas. Saudi Medical Journal 27(6), pp. 862-869. Al-Almale, S.M. (2005). Prevalence of obesity and overweight among Saudi adolescents in Eastern Saudi Arabia. Saudi Medical Journal 26(4), pp. 607-611. Al-Mekhlafi, M.S. et al. (2008). Current prevalence and predictors of protein-energy malnutrition amongst schoolchildren in rural Peninsular Malaysia. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 39(5), pp. 922-931. Bundy, D. et al. (2006). School-based health and nutrition programmes, in Jamison et al. (eds.), Disease control priorities in developing countries. World Bank. Howerton, M.W. et al. (2007). School-based nutrition programs produced a moderate increase in fruit and vegetable consumption: meta and pooling analyses from seven studies. Journal of Nutritional Education and Behaviour 39(4), pp. 186-196. Karlsen, S. et al. (2013). Ethnic variations in overweight and obesity among children over time: findings from analyses of Health Surveys for England 1998-2009. Pediatric Obesity doi: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2013.00159.x Oldroyd, J. et al. (2008). The effectiveness of nutrition interventions on dietary outcomes by relative social disadvantage: a systematic review. Journal of Epidemiological and Community Health 62, pp. 573-579. Toh, C-M. et al. (2002). School based intervention has reduced obesity in Singapore. BMJ 324, pp. 447-462.

Warriors Dont Cry book report essays

Warriors Dont Cry book report essays Historical Event Depicted -The integration that took place in Little Rock 1. Melba Pattillo- the author and narrator of the book; She was 15 when the integration took place 2. Lois Peyton(mother Lois )- Melbas mother, who was also a teacher ; She was very strong and supportive 3. India Peyton(Grandma India)- Melba's grandmother who lived with the family and gave her great wisdom. 5. Ernie- oldest of the 9 integrated; he was going into his senior year 6. Terry- another of the integrated, he was a junior 7. Jefferson- One of the "Little Rock Nine" 8. Elizabeth- another of the "Little Rock Nine", she was very quiet, but the experience helped her open up. 9. Thelma- One of the "Little Rock Nine", she had a heart problem and was one of Melba's close friends 10. Caroltta- another of the integrated 11. Minnijean- another of the "Little Rock Nine", also a close friend of Melba's 12. Gloria- took part in the integration 13. Vince- Melba's crush, who she gets to go out with occasionally 14. Link- A white boy, who helps Melba secretly, which many times saved her life because of the harsh things that took place inside the school. -After the Supreme Court ruled that segregated schools were illegal in the Brown vs. the Board of Education of Topeka trial, Little Rock School Board decided to limit integration to Central High, but it wouldn't take place until September, 1957; Several black students in the school district decided to integrate. -In February 1956, the NAACP filed a lawsuit in the federal district court to make school integrate immediately, but lost: Yet by August Thurgood Marshall and the NAACP ended up getting permission to start. -The day before school opens, the governer Faubus calls the Arkansas National Guard to the High, and the day school opens the integrating students don't go, and that ...

Supply chain management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Supply chain management - Essay Example A push system however can meet the requirements of a system which needs large inventory which would be difficult for a pull system to manage. Therefore push systems are good for demand that doesn’t depend on conditions that is, it is ‘independent’ and thus they are dependable sources especially when uncertainty exists in the environment. (Hirano, 2009) Just in time inventory (JIT) is one of the models of inventory and it follows the pull system that can react quickly to demand changes. It is a production strategy which aims to improve business models by increasing their return on investment (ROI) by reducing the time and costs associated with inventory. The process is built around the importance of signals which exist between processes and which will signal the production process when to produce the next part. The signals also called ‘Kanban’ are simply visual and they show shelf space etc. JIT inventory management can lead to improvement in the organ ization of manufacturers and enhances quality, efficiency and investment. The focuses are on the quality, flow of products and the employees. The process is such that depletion in stock will signal personnel to order in new stock and overall inventory reduction is achieved which is the main purpose of this style of management. (Dennis, 2002) This will lead to lower costs of warehousing; however JIT has other elements involved such as the fact that it is not independent of the other proponents of the system. Manufacturers have tried to better this process over the years by forecasting better such as using methods such as trailing. JIT seems to be an appropriate plan for companies...A push system however can meet the requirements of a system which needs large inventory which would be difficult for a pull system to manage. Just in time inventory (JIT) is one of the models of inventory and it follows the pull system that can react quickly to demand changes. Good information system Manufacturing resource planning (MRP) is a push method of inventory management. MRP and JIT compared Since JIT doesn’t allow for pushing of products visibility in JIT is less than in MRP system where forecasting allows for visibility. MRP process also protects each part of the process of operations from being disrupted and therefore it is a more proactive process as compared to JIT approach. The main sacrifice a firm has to make in JIT management system is the inventory and capacity. However in MRP system the stock of extra products allows the system to be continuous and work all the time including when it is not needed. JIT is also a more decentralized approach to operations management which isn’t the case with MRP system or any other system for that matter. A hybrid system Firms were using MRP push model initially and then they started looking towards pull systems like JIT.

Resident in Singapore Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Resident in Singapore - Assignment Example Therefore, any individual who does not lie in the definition given or a company, in that case, is definitely a non-resident. (statutes.agc.gov.sg, 2007) The main difference between resident and non-resident individuals and companies comes in when the tax is subjected to them. This is as is explained. Individuals who are non-resident are liable to pay tax on the entire income that is sourced from Singapore but for situations where the income in question is exempted from taxation. Exempted income may include interest income that is gained from amounts deposited in a Singapore approved bank as stipulated in Section 13(1)(t). Any income derived from foreign by a non-resident individual in Singapore is not subject to tax as per Section 13(7A)(a). Non-resident individuals were charged tax on all income derived from Singapore at 20% in the year 2008. (Tan, 2009 p348) The taxation basis for resident and non-resident companies alike is the same from a generic point of view. The only differenc e is that some benefits are enjoyable by resident companies only like the benefits that arise from Double Taxation Agreements by Singapore and other nations. The partial exemptions of tax like lower effective rates of tax that are usually capped at the rate of 8.5% upon the first SOK of the profits that are subject to tax per annum of tax assessment. Tax-exempt dividends, as well as Goods and Services Tax, are other tax-exempt incomes that Singaporean Companies enjoy, unlike non-resident companies. (urbanaohio.org, 2009) Types of payment subjects to and exempted from withholding tax Withholding tax is a kind of tax where tax is deducted at source and it only applies to specific income types to both non-resident companies and individuals. The income in question should have been derived from Singapore and it must have been by non-resident persons either for work done or services provided in this nation. In the transaction case where a Singapore individual or company pays services to a non-resident, a portion of that payment has to be withheld and later handed over to IRAS- Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore. This withheld amount is known as withholding tax. This tax type does not, however, apply in any way to resident companies or individuals. Specific payment types are subject to withholding tax for companies that are non-resident. These are; firstly, fee, commission, and interest with regards to any indebtedness or loan. Here where a resident company/individual is liable to pay interest on unpaid trade accounts or on credit terms to a non-resident person who has supplied such or even a loan, here withholding tax is applicable. These kinds of payment attract withholding tax at 15% rate.