Lsi Paper Leadership and Organizational

LSI Paper   Leadership and Organizational Behavior Anne Peters 07/21/2012 My primary thinking style with the highest percentile is being competitive at 99 percentile. I actually never realized this aspect about my thinking style but now it all makes sense. In the past I have been so busy winning and showing other people losing that I totally forgot to pay attention on my own performance, I guess glory isn’t that important, what really important is how I achieved it.At home, I’ll always be busy competing with the siblings and at work I was always comparing myself to others, hence not paying attention on my performance. My Secondary thinking style is my Affiliative thinking style at 96 percentile. I totally agree with this as I do pay a lot of emphasis on relationships. I am very warm and open about meeting and interacting with new people from different cultural backgrounds and have a keen interest in learning different languages. This thinking style helped me develop g ood interpersonal skills.At home I have great relationship with my parents and siblings. At work I am always deemed as the favorite manager I am very understanding and friendly. My limiting thinking style would be avoidance-thinking style; I believe instead of dealing with the problems I usually walk away from them, which is not a good trait. A problem must be solved instead of letting it lingering in the back of your mind. I may be overly hard on myself. When I make a mistake, it is especially difficult for myself to forgive myself and move on.This can result in a fear of failure, and the feeling that I must avoid situations that carry the risk of personal defeat. I typically refrain from examining and expressing feelings, which could signal a more general pattern of withdrawal. For example in the past I have turned small problems into huge problems overtime since I didn’t feel like tackling them then and there. I had relationship problems and money problems because of my av oidance thinking style.In 2006 I was moving out of my uncle’s house and things went sour in between his family and mine, but since I was young and reckless I completely ignored the problem instead of dealing with it, later on the problem was huge and couldn’t be tackled anymore and till this day I have weirdness involved when meeting up with his family. Impact of my personal styles on my management style: Planning: When it comes to planning my competitive, perfectionist and achievement thinking style play a big role. Planning requires being competitive, you make sure whatever you are planning is worthy enough and efficient.Perfectionist thinking style helps it to be without flaws and no room for errors. Achievement style helps me to be somewhat confident and easily able to meet challenges. Organizing: Again the perfectionist plays a big role in organizing also. The humanistic style helps me in guiding other people towards organization and guiding them and supporting th eir effort. I feel organizing is not the strongest management area for me and I need to work on this skill. Leading: The thinking style of self-actualization, competitive, and power, plays a huge role in helping me lead.I am pretty self-actualized, which means I am really comfortable with myself and who I am. For being a leader one needs to be competitive otherwise you can’t lead if you have the mentality of â€Å"if we lose that’s ok, it’s more like no! We got to win! † I like being in charge and in control of a situation, it’s very typical of me, the sense of being independent makes me comfortable in a leading position. I believe in leading by example style of management, instead of telling people what to do a manager needs to show them how it’s done and then audit to make sure they are just as good as you or your best employee.Controlling: The power, competitive and humanistic thinking style plays a huge role of me being controlling in my work environment. A manager must manage, to be in control one needs to earn respect of their employees, to do so you need to work with them and not against them. Once you earn their trust, they will probably perform the same way whether you are supervising them or not. To be in control you don’t have to be a power hungry manager who always thinks he’s right, but more of a understanding people at their level and culture manager.It’s easy to get into employee’s comfort zone even if you know one thing about their language, ethnicity or culture. Once the barrier is down they respect you and controlling them becomes a lot easier. Genesis: I develop all this thinking style at quite an early stage; I was 21 when I first moved from Karachi, Pakistan to Chicago, United States. Since the beginning I was working a management position in a fast food restaurant and going to school because I wanted to and there was no obligation. The competiveness was there but as I w orked the management position I developed numerous other thinking styles.The self actualized and humanistic style was developed with the helped of my parents; they brought me up with a lot of love and made me feel confident about every decision that I wanted to make. Having parents like mine makes a huge difference in one’s thinking style. I worked as a general manager at a fast food restaurant for quite a while and then was hired as a creative designer and HR for a new concept restaurant that was serving Lebanese food. This opportunity helped me polish my Humanistic, competitive, perfectionist and achievement thinking styles even more.And recently I moved to southern California to start another concept restaurant by leaving everything behind and taking another major change in my life hence making me a big risk taker. Overall I am pretty satisfied with my LSI results, although I have realized there are aspects I really need to work on, but then again nobody is perfect. The ar eas that I need to work on are: Conventional: I really need to follow my heart and Ideas more than just be by the book. Dependent: I shouldn’t be dependent on other people for approval, ometimes I need to do things on my own. Avoidance: I need to deal with problems right there and in the face instead of slacking. Competitive: Need to be a little less competitive and let other people get ahead and learn from them. Achievement: I need to work on my goals a little bit more, be more goal oriented than living day to day. Oppositional: Be a little less oppositional and be more open to other people’s ideas. I plan to learn to be a better management from this class and apply all these new thinking style I never know I had.Hopefully in the future I’ll be able to fine-tune all this style to become a better performing manager. Name:  Ã‚  D01673320| Date Survey Taken:  Ã‚  | Your LSI Styles ProfileThe raw and percentile scores in the table below and the extensions on th e circumplex shown below depict your perceptions of how you think and behave. The CONSTRUCTIVE Styles (11, 12, 1, and 2 o'clock positions) reflect self-enhancing thinking and behavior that contribute to one's level of satisfaction, ability to develop healthy relationships and work effectively with people, and proficiency at accomplishing tasks.The PASSIVE/DEFENSIVE Styles (3, 4, 5, and 6 o'clock positions) represent self-protecting thinking and behavior that promote the fulfillment of security needs through interaction with people. The AGGRESSIVE/DEFENSIVE Styles (7, 8, 9, and 10 o'clock positions) describe self-promoting thinking and behavior used to maintain status/position and fulfill security needs through task-related activities. Position| Style| Score| Percentile| 1| Humanistic-Encouraging| 35| 80| 2| Affiliative| 39| 96| 3| Approval| 28| 95| 4| Conventional| 25| 93| 5| Dependent| 23| 90| 6| Avoidance| 13| 83| | Oppositional| 15| 87| 8| Power| 13| 79| 9| Competitive| 29| 99| 1 0| Perfectionistic| 24| 75| 11| Achievement| 33| 63| 12| Self-Actualizing| 37| 93| The raw scores potentially range from 0 to 40. The percentile scores represent your results compared to those of 9,207 individuals who previously completed the Life Styles Inventory. For example, a percentile score of 75 means that you scored higher along a particular position than 75% of the other respondents in the sample and, in turn, indicates that the style represented by that position is strongly descriptive of you.In contrast, a score of 25 means that you scored higher than only about 25% of the other respondents and therefore indicates that the style represented by that position is not very descriptive of you. Your LSI Styles CircumplexFor detailed descriptions of each of these 12 styles,? click on the circumplex graphic in each of the 12 sections. Examining your CircumplexTo accurately interpret your LSI results, it is important for you to consider your score on each style in terms of its ran ge (high, medium, or low) on the profile. The three ranges correspond to the percentile points in the circumplex and in the table above. |

“Life of Pi” by Yann Martel Essay

All humans are born with instincts; it is during the most desperate times in life when these instincts take control of an individual. In the novel Life of Pi by Yann Martel, the protagonist, Pi, goes through a situation that evoked his instincts to take control of himself. Pi spent 227 days as a castaway on a boat drifting in the Pacific Ocean. During this time he dealt with intense hunger and thirst and was very desperate. In the second story that Pi tells, each of the animals from the first story are symbolic of humans. Pi is related to Richard Parker, as many of their actions are similar between the two stories. In light of Pi’s second story the similarities suggests that Pi uses Richard Parker to represent his instinctive mind and serve as an escape from the horrific level of savagery he sank to on the lifeboat. Pi, however, did begin to accept his situation and realize that his instinctive mind would play a major role in his survival no matter how opposed to killing and e ating his rational mind was. The savage-like behavior of Pi is brought on by intensely desperate situation, hunger, thirst, and Pi’s instinctive mind represented by the Bengal tiger, Richard Parker. When an individual acts on instincts, their actions become spontaneous and that person’s beliefs and values are not part of the decision. Richard Parker represents the instinctive part of Pi’s mind; this becomes clear after analysis of Richard Parker’s actions and emergence in the plot. Richard Parker only emerges after the orangutan or Pi’s mother is killed and Pi is in his most desperate state. This shows that Pi began acting on his instincts at this point where he felt very lonely and vulnerable while his life was in danger. Pi’s instincts provided him with food in the form of fish, turtles, and sharks, as well as the hyena or the cook. Pi states, â€Å"It is the plain truth: without Richard Parker, I wouldn’t be alive today to tell you my story.† (Martel 164) Pi has his animal instincts to thank for his survival and shows that he knows this by thanking Richard Parker, the representation of his instincts. Pi’s rational mind was not fit to survive all that time on the lifeboat; he is a vegetarian and a very religious person and would not have had any food on the lifeboat if not for his animal instincts. His rational self would not have killed the cook or the turtles and fish and he would have starved because there was no access to vegetables  and fruits in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. On page 164, Pi talks of his instincts in the form of Richard Parker as he states, â€Å"He pushed me to go on living. I hated him for it yet at the same time I was grateful.† He says that he hated his instincts for keeping him alive because they caused him to do things that were against his beliefs and values but at the same time he was grateful for his life. Pi has only his animal instincts to thank for his survival in a lifeboat for 227 days. After many desperate days on the lifeboat, Pi’s instinctive mind begins to blend with his rational mind. On page 197, after he kills and eats a turtle without blaming it on his instincts represented by Richard Parker, he realizes that he has â€Å"descended to a level of savagery [he] never imagined possible.† His instincts have blended with his sensible mind and he is no longer the strict vegetarian that he was before he was put in this situation. During his time on the lifeboat, Pi came a long way from the strict vegetarian that he once was. Pi speaks of his former self as he says, â€Å"To think that when I was a child I always shuddered when I snapped open a banana because it sounded to me like the snapping of an animal’s neck.† (197) The experience on the boat drastically changed him as his instincts no longer had to control him to kill and to eat. After continually killing to eat, he gets used to the idea and no longer needs his instincts to take over for him to eat. His vegetarian principles are irrelevant with the extremity of the situation as he could not have lived by his beliefs and values if he wanted to survive. His rational mind stepped away from its belief and values and began to accept a kill or starve mentality. Pi’s lengthy and desperate situation caused his rational mind to accept that he had to live off animal instincts if he did not want to starve. Guilt is a very powerful feeling and it can cause people to do crazy things in order to hide and escape from these feelings. In terms of the second story Pi acted on many of his animal instincts and killed and ate animals as well as humans. Pi used Richard Parker not only as his escape from his guilt but also to escape the reality of the situation he was in. The guilt that Pi felt from being a vegetarian and doing what he did coupled with the emotional pain and torment of his situation caused Pi to force himself to  believe that everyone on the lifeboat were animals. Because the events that occurred on the lifeboat were similar to those that would occur between wild animals where it is a kill or die situation it was easy for Pi to substitute animals for all of the people on the lifeboat. He continuously turned to God for help in dealing with the guilt that he felt. After telling how he killed the cook in the second story, he said â€Å"I must live with that. Solitude began. I turned to God. I survived.† Pi was very religious before he was stranded on the lifeboat and he used his faith to help him through the situation. Pi’s feelings of guilt caused him to do whatever it took to escape from the guilt and from reality. The idea of Richard Parker, therefore, stemmed from Pi’s desperate survival in a lifeboat. Richard Parker was the reason that Pi survived and also served as a savior from the guilt and emotional pain that he felt. Pi’s instincts were represented by the idea of the Bengal tiger, Richard Parker, and he survived because of these instincts. It was only natural for these animal instincts to take control of him as he was dealing with intense hunger and thirst. During his time on lifeboat, even his rational self accepted that he would have to kill to eat, a big change for the strict vegetarian that he once was. He also had to deal with severe guilt for his actions as well as tremendous emotional pain. Richard Parker served as a way for him to escape this guilt and to escape reality. Desperation and loss combined with intense hunger and thirst are some of the many things that could cause an individual to lose control of their rational mind and live on instincts. Work Cited Martel, Yann. Life of Pi. Orlando: Harcourt Books, 2001.

An Ideal Ethical Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

An Ideal Ethical Organization - Essay Example Ethical behavior in organizations is in focus today. It is important to recognize that it is not just a few rotten apples that spoil the broth, but the personal values of employers, employees and the environment that play a vital role in encouraging ethical conduct. Broadly, three pieces of a jumbled puzzle are to be put in place to promote ethical behavior (Mayer, 2011), viz. Ethical leadership, ethical practices and ethical environment. It is also pertinent to mention that the management and employees of an organization can be groomed and trained to develop high ethical standards. Ethical behavior follows a top down approach. If the leadership and the top management follow sound practices, it percolates to the lower formations encouraging most employees to follow suit (Butts, 2007). Keeping the best interests of the organization, employees and customer in mind is of primary importance when the management takes any decision. Key behavioral factors to build a high ethical standard include conduct of personal life in an ethical manner, make fair decisions and being trustworthy. In addition, prompt disciplining of employees violating the ethical codes, discussing business ethics and values with employees and above all the ability to make decisions based on the question, What is the right thing to do? go a long way in building a highly ethical organization. Practices are activities repeated and recognized in an organization. At least six critical practices have been identified through research for building a highly ethical organization which include recruitment, training, Policies, Rewards, Accountability and Decision-making (Collins, 2009). The process of recruitment and selection must be ethical. Recruit employees with strong ethical values. Ethics training is essential for providing proper orientation to all employees. Attendance of these training classes must be mandatory for all employees. The importance of ethics while performing their job is to be given

American foreign policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

American foreign policy - Essay Example Moreover, according to Lang (2003), it should be identified who would be allowed to perform the intervention, how humanitarian intervention should be established, and whether there are provisions under which consent to intervene becomes a responsibility. Humanitarian intervention is normally talked about as an exemption to the nonintervention rule. This rule points out that states are prohibited to use their power, and definitely to exercise force, within other states’ jurisdiction. The rule has received strong patronage from the United Nations Charter, which allows states to protect themselves from attacks but prohibits employing the military against the political autonomy or territorial sovereignty of other states (Lang 2003). Exactly speaking, these conditions ban armed intervention, as well as intervention to safeguard human rights. Generally, contemporary international law weakly supports humanitarian intervention. Nevertheless, there is a more traditional rule in which t he exercise of force is acceptable not just in self-preservation but also to defend the innocent and punish violations. This rule is somewhat in conflict with contemporary international law and particularly with the UN Charter (Lang 2003). ... The decision over humanitarian intervention is still complex and difficult. Today, the international community has inadequate alternatives for dealing with humanitarian issues. Prospects for Democracy Noam Chomsky leads the way by making public his assessment of the Prospects for Democracy. Starting with a general evaluation of political history and democratic theory, he claims that traditional democrats like Thomas Jefferson would be disappointed at the poor shape of American democracy today. The vast expansion of corporate capitalism has by now ruined democratic traditions and the state by giving power to a few (Chomsky & Otero 2003). And the prospect for democracy seems bleaker. Despite of this gloomy evaluation, Chomsky upholds that the revival of true democracy depends ultimately on the people or on whether they can get rid of their political dissatisfaction and put together a democratic prospect. The destiny of democracy is still changeable, Chomsky claims, but â€Å"unless pe ople here and in other rich societies can recapture and revitalize† (Chomsky & Otero 2003, 259) the misplaced institutions of democracy and liberty, â€Å"the prospects for democracy are indeed dim† (Chomsky & Otero 2003, 259). The rapid development of democracy in numerous countries has built expectations for a healthier future; the hopes are that democracy will not just advance human rights and political rights but will also result in better welfare and swift economic growth aside from international relations distinguished by shared understanding and diplomatic cooperation. As argue recently by Samuel Huntington and Robert Dahl, we should not anticipate other

Internation Assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Internation Assignment - Research Paper Example Therefore, international human resource has a major role in balance achievement for coordinating and controlling of foreign subsidiaries and adopt local environment while the domestic human resource is only concerned with the local level. International human resource has a responsibility of managing the complexities of employing people and operating from different cultures and countries as compared to domestic human resource. Thus, it is important to understand the differences that exist in managing employees in a foreign and domestic environment. In terms of the range of activities, international human resource addresses a range of activities as compared to domestic human resource (Rowley & Warner, 2007). Controlling cross-border operations of multinational enterprise MNE around its procedures, practices and processes is important. The main goal of human resource standardization is to enhance transparency, consistency as well as aligning the enterprise workforce around common similar objectives and principles. This is important in the attainment of local responsiveness with respect to the traditions, legislation and cultural values (McMahan, Bell, & Virick, 1998). The organization strategy and structure are a major factor that drives the standardization of human resource practice in an organization. Companies operate in a context of worldwide conditions of inter-organizational alliances and networks. The structure and strategy influence human resource practice as well as goals of MNEs. Thus, it is essential  for an enterprise  to be supported by a corresponding organizational structure. The cultural environment drives standardization of human resource practices. Appropriate human resource management practices are important in helping the supporting cohesion between different MNE units; thus, human resource practices ought to match with the local values and norms. Multinational enterprises that

Mullins' Doctrine of Sin Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words - 1

Mullins' Doctrine of Sin - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that Edgar Young Mullins (1860-1928) has been described as one of the most important theologians and "statesmen" in Southern Baptist life., Although important Baptist leaders such as B. H. Carroll, Lee Scarborough, and George W. Truett were contemporaries of Mullins, R. Albert Mohler claimed that Mullins’s influence as a denominational leader and theologian was more widespread. He served as president of The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in addition to his teaching systematic theology for almost thirty years. Fisher Humphreys identified three theological issues that Mullins faced during his career: the tradition of staunch Calvinism held by Mullins's predecessors at Southern Seminary, the Landmark Baptist interpretation of Baptist history, and the Fundamentalist-Modernist controversy. Mullins wrote numerous articles and books on a variety of subjects. In his first work, The Axioms of Religion, Mullins alluded to the doctrine o f original sin in his discussion concerning the inappropriateness of infant baptism. However, his argument against infant baptism did not consist of a denial of original sin or even an interpretation of it. He insisted that baptism required conscious obedience to Christ and denied the principle of vicarious faith. The only works in which Mullins stated his position on original sin were Baptist Beliefs and The Christian Religion in Its Doctrinal Expression. Because of the brevity of Baptist Beliefs, Mullins's description of the "fall of man" was only an outline of his position, In The Christian Religion in Its Doctrinal Expression, Mullins did not provide a systematic presentation of the doctrine of original sin. However, he discussed the important details of the doctrine of original sin in his discussion of providence, in the chapter on the doctrine of sin, and more thoroughly in his description of Paul's doctrine of sin, Components of Mullins's doctrine of original sin are distribu ted throughout this work. This paper will analyze how well Mullins substantiated his doctrine of original sin. Analysis of Mullins's Doctrine of Original Sin In order to analyze Mullins’s doctrine of original sin, this paper will provide a summary of Mullin’s overall argument. The summary will be followed by a critique of the premises upon which the overall argument is built. Summary of Mullins’s Argument Although Mullins did not explicitly define his doctrine of original sin, the components of the doctrine are found within his systematic theology in various places. However, the central claim of his argument is apparent. He contended that although persons inherit a tendency to sin from Adam, condemnation is incurred only through personal acts of rebellion against God. The overall flow of his argument is as follows: All persons are biologically connected to Adam. Thus, a tendency toward sinful behavior is transmitted through the hereditary connection. However, persons are not condemned because of their tendency toward sinful behavior because the death of Christ removed the condemnation accompanying the tendency to sin. Therefore, persons are condemned only on the basis of their personal rebellion against God. Three claims are central to Mullins's overall argument, his assertion that the tendency to sin is transmitted from Adam to his progeny, that persons can be condemned for their tendency to sin, and that Christ's death removed the condemnation resulting from this tendency. This paper will analyze how effectively Mullins substantiated these claims. The Source of the Tendency toward Sinful Behavior Mullins described Adam before the fall as free, moral, and inclined toward righteousness. However, after the fall, humanity is described as depraved, sinful, and inclined toward sin. The fact that Mullins asserted that a hereditary connection exists between Adam and his progeny and that this connection results in a transmission of sinful tendencies, necessitates an explanation of how

Marketing Channels and Logistics. Pepsi Cola in Ukraine Essay

Marketing Channels and Logistics. Pepsi Cola in Ukraine - Essay Example Also at the time when the case was written Coca Cola had setup their own plant in the area and since Pepsi only had bottling plants in the area they felt threatened by their entry as earlier they had the full control of the soft drink market. The case discusses the internal and the external factors that are affecting the supply and the distribution of the Pepsi in the country of Ukraine. TASK 1 There were many problems that existed there, the problems will be discussed one by one and later the four major ones will be given. Ukraine is a very poor country, with loads of issues of their own; the people are living in utter discomfort and have hardly any money for spending on luxurious goods and even many a times they do not even possess enough to be able to afford any other goods that are counted as a necessity. There have been a lot of skirmishes amongst the people themselves who are all fighting for limited resources. In countries like Ukraine it is a norm that people fight with each other for the limited resources that exist and hence there are a lot of issues. The economic situation of Ukraine is really very bad, there is increased terrorism in the whole country and nothing is safe. The economic conditions are real worse here. There is a lot of privatization that is going on and people feel that it would turn out to be a harbinger of a positive change in the whole society; people will start having enough disposable income to spend on luxurious goods and other luxurious items. The people generally are very poor and struggling to even meet their basic needs. A cold drink beverage is a luxury, in areas where purchasing pure water is out of reach for many. The economic condition of the place is really poor. The inflation is quite high in the area. This has reduced the purchasing power of the people living there. Inflation has caused the prices of daily consumer goods to increase as well. As mentioned in the case, it is clearly mentioned that the absence of any pro per supply chain has caused the Pepsi to cost far more than it would actually had there been a proper channel. The marketing channel is responsible for making sure that the produced goods reach the consumer without increasing the cost. The greatest disadvantage that Pepsi had in this regard was that they did not have a proper marketing channel, there were no campaigns and the transportation of the Pepsi was never done officially. This lack of proper transportation failed to create an everlasting image in the minds of the locals. They will stop associating it with some kind of an international brand and end up thinking of it as a local brand. Even they had to change the packaging of the whole thing as people had actually started considering it a local brand. There was a serious mishap in the understanding of the perception of the people. The promotion, placing, pricing were all at a loss here, as people got it through, at a minimum, three to four middlemen, this made the prices go up as each man wanted to earn profit. This is one very discouraging factor that was there in Ukraine. Placement of the product was also very faulty and there was no other way for Pepsi to do it until unless they started their own freight services. The logistics issue was so great that there was no proper transportation, the use of trucks was also not a good option as people weren’t learned enough to differentiate between the kind of truck that is

Tesco's Recommendations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tesco's Recommendations - Essay Example However, it was with the oncoming of the 1990s that Tesco began its international expansion and began to channel extensive resources towards innovation in its marketing strategy to reach consumers (Clark, 2008). This paper shall attempt to shed light on Tescos current standing in the consumer market and the effectiveness of its current marketing strategies in order to develop a set of recommendations for Tesco to sustain and improve its market share and profitability. It is also imperative to realize that Tesco has chosen to exercise extensive product development and market development by adding products and services that are non-food but provide consumers with high levels of utility. This strategy is one that has proven to be extremely beneficial for Tesco over time (Chaffey, 2008). While this innovation on the part of Tesco may make it difficult to soundly place Tesco as a grocery retailer, the fact remains that Tescos fundamental sales items remain those that pertain to groceries. The approach is one that is found by Tesco in the concept of the investment in growth. Growth, according to Tescos strategy, is the development of availability and accessibility for consumers to Tesco (Corporate Watch UK, 2004). An example can be found in the fact that Tesco more than often chooses to make use of an opportunity to open an Express Store rather than letting it go by. With regard to the effectiveness of the current marketing and strategic outlook of Tesco, it can be observed that Tesco is currently recognized as a reliable and acknowledged brand amongst European consumers and is in a condition that can be considered stable enough to bring forth an expansion plan into the market (Corporate Watch UK, 2004). It would be appropriate for Tesco to move forth from market penetration approaches to product development strategies (Marivic Butod, 2009). Needless to say, the question of the

Auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Auditing - Essay Example In fact seasonal interruption are routine and regular and even after such interruptions business continue in normal course and thus entities pursuing seasonal business may be called going concern despite periodic seasonal interruption In this write up the issues relating auditors’ responsibility to assess the substantial doubt arising out of normal auditing procedures is considered in order to produce independent and effective reporting to the stakeholders. The assumption under the concept of going concern is continuity in normal course and such â€Å"continuity of entity operations is usually assumed in financial accounting in the absence to contrary† (Michael J Ramos, page 285)ii Auditors assess the going concern concept whenever substantial doubt is created while following regular and normal audit procedures.†If there are no doubt neither directors nor auditor need refer specifically to going concern in the financial statements or audit report. However, the Combines Code states that directors should report that the business is a going concern with supporting assumptions and qualifications as necessary. â€Å"(Lain Gray and Stuart Manson, page 674)iii Going concern concept assumes an atmosphere of normalcy. Under the going concern concept â€Å"the enterprise will continue in operational existence for a foreseeable future.† (Nexia International, page 137)ivWhenever auditors have substantial doubts about the going concern concept it underlies that financial statements have not been prepared under normal circumstances. This is because â€Å"the going concern concept is unlikely to be compatible with the intention or necessity to enter into a scheme of rearrangement with the company’s creditors, or make an application for an administrative order, or place the company in administrative receivership or liquidation.†(Saleem Sheikh and William Rees, page 349)v In other words results or status shown by

In what ways are MNEs developing new business networks with an ethical Essay

In what ways are MNEs developing new business networks with an ethical orientation Using examples, explain why these developmen - Essay Example The sheer size of these corporations have made them almost like political actors, in the countries they are present and it is believed that their decisions and actions can affect the demography in both positive and negative ways (Holland, 2010). The emergence of the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) can be traced to this very point which is concerned with the issue of reducing negative impacts of the corporate on the population of the country. The CSR deals with the ethics and social responsibility of the company, the two major factors in the strategic management process of a country (Godiwalla and Damanpour, 2006). Ethical conduct is a major requirement of the MNEs in countries in which they operate. The expectations of the countries, in which these companies operate, are the major determinant of the ethical and social conduct of an organization. This essay aims to understand the ways in which MNEs are expanding their new business networks, considering the ethical considerations and the way these contribute in building competitive strength of the companies. Business Ethics: Definition There are numerous definitions of business ethics that can be considered. For the purpose of this essay, business ethics can be defined as the principles, values and standards, which guide the business in its conduct with the external world (Ferrell, Fraedrich and Ferrel, 2011). Principles include the basic rights like, freedom of speech, justice and equal rights, which are universal and form the basis of the rules. Values, on the other hand, comprise of social norms established by conventions in the society which are socially enforcing. These include integrity, accountability and trust and the standards for these are largely determined by investors, employees and interest groups and influence the society’s acceptance of what is permissible or not by the business. Strategic ethic management has the potential of improving both the economic and ethical goals of MNEs, whe n they consider expanding the existing business to new geographies. Research work has shown that there is a positive correlation between ethical business conducts and long-term financial development of the companies (Takei, 2011). This prompts companies to take ethical issues seriously in their expansion. The causality relationship between the profitability growth and business ethics are yet to be confirmed. Empirical evidences show that there are positive correlation between financial growth and ethical considerations. These discoveries imply that the strategic management must take into consideration the aspect of business ethics in their management process (Krishnamurthi, 2008). Rationale for business ethics Business ethics forms an important responsibility of the manager who conducts the business. The need for implementation of business ethics is more severe for managers who have the responsibility of conducting foreign operations as they face more pressing ethical issues which a re absent within the domestic borders (Luminita and Constantin, n.d.). There are various reasons responsible for this difference like: Firstly, the difference in the legal and political structure of a country in which the business is likely to operate. These differences are further pronounced by the ethical and traditional conventions of the society. Secondly, the differences between the economic organizations of countries in

Unweeded garden Essay Example for Free

Unweeded garden Essay Although audiences of today have not experienced such a controversy among the royal family as in the 1600s, they would still understand how immoral the marriage between Claudius and Gertrude is and would recognise how it brings instability in the royal household and consequently the state. Although, some of those in a modern audience would see it as an affair too close too home which is likely to cause emotional distress for Hamlet rather than as incestuous. Modern audiences would also understand how the state depends on the control and stability of the royal family. If there is decay and dislocation in the royal family, the state will suffer. Subsequently, the state transforms from a place of peace to an unweeded garden in which there is disorder. This imagery of the unweeded garden clearly illustrates the idea of transformation. Denmark used to be a state where there was control and order, just like a garden. However, the same way a garden that has not been looked after produces weeds, is the same way a country without control creates disorder. This then leads to chaos and finally foul play leaving the state rank and gross in nature. During Hamlet, not only Denmark goes through a transformation, the characters themselves go through a transformation during the course of the play. The language used shows this. Looking at Claudius language in the beginning of the play, it is confident and eloquent. He deals with four items of business: his accession; the threat from young Fortinbras; Laertess suit and Hamlets behaviour. There are no interruptions during the Kings speech other than agreement from his faithful courtiers. However, this only occurs because each of them are involved in the manipulation of the kingdom as they gain great rewards from their king. Each affair is emphasised with a caesura. Taken to wife. underlines that Gertrude is his wife, no questions asked and So much for him. ends all conversation to do with the previous king. Intellectual language is also used filial obligation which shows his authority as king. However, as the play progresses, Claudius character transforms into a different king. During the scene in which Claudius prays for forgiveness, the audience are confronted with a different character. The language here is very unlike the language in the beginning of the play. There are many questions and the character becomes trapped in the language. What then? What rests? What can it not? The language also emphasises the characters now tortured soul as in the syntax Pray can I not instead of I can not pray. It could be argued that as Denmark changes, so does its king. The decay and dislocation of the state has an effect on Claudius and so instead of being in control like before, he is unable to hold the state together. Like Claudius, Hamlet also transforms during the play. One might say that this character is the core concept of transformation. The language in the beginning of the play displays Hamlets weariness conveyed by the listless tempo of the words How weary, stale, flat and unprofitable. The verse starts and stops, punctuated by expressions of pain and confusion: -why, she she married-O most wicked speed! Hamlet transforms from circumstances in which he cannot understand himself or the world he is living in into states of despair or even anger. Hamlet often questions the existence of man what piece of work is a man? and Shakespeare shows the characters incomprehension with long speeches containing long sentences in which there are many questions Hamlet is asking himself such as: What is this quintessence of dust? Shakespeare shows Hamlets despair with dismal consistency of tone and tempo as the character seeks to find out whether he is equal to the task that has been set. This contrasts with scenes in which the language of Hamlet is agitated and irritated. Shakespeare emphasises his disgust with disease imageries referring to prostitutes especially when confronted with Gertrude or Ophelia: you jig, you amble In the closet scene, while Hamlet speaks to his mother, his language transforms once again. The words used are similar to that which a preacher uses for love of grace Confess yourself to heaven repent virtue However, the greatest transformation affecting Hamlet, happens when Hamlet has just returned from England. The encounter with Fortinbras army encourages Hamlet to reflect on the nature of honour and resolves him to have bloody and impulsive thoughts: O, from this time forth My thoughts be bloody or be nothing worth. (iv. iv. 65-4) Hamlet announces: This is I, Hamlet the Dane (v. i. 251-2) And in doing so, he demonstrates that he finally understands who he is and what responsibilities he must uphold. Transformation occurs not only through Denmark but also through the characters. The closing action of the play is the removal of the bodies from the field and this could be seen as the finally transformation. The bodies from the Denmark in which there was corruption and dislocation are removed in order to make way for a new Denmark, a Denmark for the living. Whether this final action determines a positive outcome for the state is for the audience to decide, however, the atmosphere at the end of the play contains some element of hope rather than complete despair as in the opening scene. The theme of transformation therefore introduces and concludes Shakespeares play, Hamlet.

Climate Change Awareness And The Media Environmental Sciences Essay

Climate Change Awareness And The Media Environmental Sciences Essay Climate change being the most important issue of the 21st century it is affecting developing countries the most. And a case study of every country is important to understand the level of risk it is at. This paper is a case study of Pakistan and its media. The level of awareness that exists among the people and exactly what sectors and areas are being affected that need to be dealt with in time. This paper is a detailed study of climate change, what it is, the evidences of climate change in Pakistan and the vulnerabilities that need to be taken care of by the Media by creating awareness about it by persuading both the Government and the People to take initiatives towards contributing less to climate change. The analysis is based on primary and secondary research which in the end gives recommendations and conclusion so as to what and how should the media create awareness about climate change. INTRODUCTION Global Climate Change resulting from an increasing concentration of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) in the atmosphere caused by the use of fossil fuels and other human activities is now an established phenomenon and its effects have been observed in most parts of the world including Pakistan. With continued heavy reliance of the world energy system on fossil fuels for the foreseeable future much larger climatic changes and their adverse impacts are to be expected in the coming decades. According to the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the average temperature of the earths surface increased by 0.6  °C over the past century and is projected to increase further by 1.1 to 6.4  °C by the end of the current century (IPCC 2007). It will be accompanied by large variations (both, increases and decreases) of temperature and precipitation in different world regions, considerable worldwide increases in the frequency and intensity of extreme clima tic events (floods, droughts, cyclones etc.), large scale shrinking of Arctic sea ice and recession of mountain glaciers, rise in average sea level by up to 0.6 meter etc., with serious adverse impacts on various socio-economic sectors in many parts of the world. Pakistan is particularly vulnerable to climate change because it has generally a warm climate; it lies in a world region where the temperature increases are expected to be higher than the global averages; its land area is mostly arid and semi-arid (about 60 per cent of the area receives less than 250 mm of rainfall per year and 24 per cent receives between 250-500 mm); its rivers are predominantly fed by the Hindu Kush-Karakoram-Himalaya (HKH) glaciers which are reported to be receding rapidly due to global warming; its economy is largely agrarian and hence highly climate sensitive; and because the country faces increasingly larger risks of variability in monsoon rains, large floods and extended droughts. Under the influence of all these factors the Water Security and the Food security of the country are under serious threat. Compounding these problems are the expected increased risks to the coastal areas (these include Karachi, Pakistans largest city and the hub of its industrial ac tivity and international trade) and the Indus deltaic region due to sea level rise and increasing cyclonic activity; to the mountainous regions due to glacier lake outburst floods (GLOFs) and land slides; to the countrys scanty forests (less than 5% of the land area is under forest cover) due to forest fires as well as reduced regeneration under rapidly changing climatic conditions; to human health due to heat strokes, diarrhoea, cholera, vector borne diseases, etc.; and to human settlements due to floods and cyclones. Although Pakistan has been rather late in realizing the intensity of the climate change threat to its socio-economic development, the country is now taking this threat very seriously: A dedicated research centre (called, Global Change Impact Studies Centre, GCISC) focusing on climate change related aspects was initiated in 2003 and a high level committee chaired by the Prime Minister (called Prime Ministers Committee on Climate Change, PMCCC) was established in 2005 to provide national level policy guidelines on climate change related issues. More recently, in October 2008, the Planning Commission (PC) set up a Task Force on Climate Change (TFCC) with a view to take stock of countrys situation vis a vis climate change; to contribute to the formulation of a climate change policy that would assist the government in achieving sustained economic growth by appropriately addressing climate change threats so as to ensure water security, food security and energy security of the country; and to recommend policy measures for promoting large scale Adaptation and Mitigation efforts, for raising awareness of various stakeholders; and for enhancing the capacities of relevant national institutions (see Annex-A for full Terms of Reference (TOR) of TFCC and Annex-B for the list of TFCC members). While Pakistan is highly vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change, its own contribution to the total global GHG emissions is a miniscule (about 0.8%) and its per capita GHG emissions correspond to about one-fifth of the average for Western Europe (IEA/OECD 2006). As such, the main thrust of the countrys response to climate change is bound to be on Adaptation measures. Still, as a responsible member of the international community, Pakistan would like to contribute as much to the global Mitigation effort as it possibly can while trying to meet the countrys basic minimum energy needs consistent with its socio-economic developmental requirements, energy security considerations, and financial and technological constraints. Climate change is an undeniable fact of the 21st century and the world is witnessing a rapid change in temperature, precipitation, snow fall, melting of glaciers, sun shine period etc. It is predicted to have a devastating impact on the planet and its inhabitants. The IPCC Synthesis Report (2007) indicated that about 20 to 30 percent species of animals and plants would be at risk of extinction if global temperature rises from 1.5 to 2.5 degree. This will create a range of problems for humans. Moreover, health issues and disease will sharply increase among human beings. IPCC report states, The health status of millions of people is projected to be affected through, for example, increases in malnutrition; increased deaths, diseases and injury due to extreme weather events; increased burden of diarrheal diseases; increased frequency of cardio-respiratory diseases due to higher concentrations of ground-level ozone in urban areas related to climate change; and the altered spatial distribu tion of some infectious diseases. Agriculture will also become more susceptible to pest and disease attacks. Soil erosion, caused by storms and floods will limit the agricultural scope in the coming years. Trans-boundary movement of pests and diseases will further complicate the situation. Moreover, the peace and livelihoods of billions of people would be threatened due to the scarcity of water. Water availability, according to the demand of growing population, and need, in different sectors is under a cloud of doubt. The major sufferers would be Africa and Asia. The fresh water availability will decrease many folds. IPCC reported that the water shortage will have severe impacts on South Asian productivity and systems of production. The frequency of production shocks and failure of crops will become more common (IPCC 2007). Owing to the adverse impact of climate change, natural resources will become scarce. Scarcity always leads to competition to gain the maximum, sometimes at the cost of others, and paves the way for conflicts and wars. Dr. R. K. Pachauri (2007) said, Climate change has raised the threat of dramatic population migration, conflict, and war over water and other resources as well as a realignment of power among nations. Some also highlight the possibility of rising tensions between rich and poor nations, health problems caused particularly by water shortages, and crop failures as well as concerns over nuclear proliferation. Impact of Climate Change on different Sector Water Resources Melting rate of glaciers will increase in the Himalaya, Karakoram, and Hindu Kush regions resulting in flash floods to begin with. Increased melting rate will aggravate the process of depletion of water resources. However, some hydrologists are of the view that the rate of snowfall will increase and melting rate will decrease due to lower temperature in Himalaya, Karakoram, and Hindu Kush. Watersheds and water basin would be degraded due to erosion and loss of forest cover. Water stresses, drought will increase or vice versa. Agriculture Lower productivity and production, Outbreak and spread of diseases, Shifting in cropping patterns, Soil erosion, salinity and water logging, Increased trans-boundary movement of pests and diseases Livestock would also be impacted by the climate change induced calamities and vulnerabilities. Lower crop productivity will introduce competition between food and fodder crops in country. Keeping in mind the current situation of food availability in the country, food crops will have to be given top priority. Forestry, Biodiversity and Land Use Changes Depletion of biodiversity; Reduction in forest cover; Shifting of biomass due to change in temperature; Loss of wildlife; Deforestation to make land available for agricultural purposes to nourish the population. Coastal Zones Risk of soil erosion and degradation; Flooding inundation; Displacement of wetlands and lowlands; Salinization of ground and surface water. Natural Calamities Increased frequency and severity of occurrence of extreme floods; Increased frequency and severity of occurrence of droughts; Increased frequency and severity of occurrence of cyclones; Increased frequency and severity of occurrence of diseases. Impact of Climate Change on Health Increased frequency and severity of occurrence of diarrhea; Increased frequency and severity of occurrence of malnourishment; Increased frequency and severity of occurrence of malaria; There would also be heat stresses. Vulnerabilities are expected to increase across the globe; however, the extent of these would be unequal. Poor people and regions would be more susceptible to climate change and adverse impacts, and their helplessness would be higher, as compared to rich people and regions. As Thomas and Twyman (2005) mentioned, vulnerabilities are higher in developing and least developed countries and their ability and capacity to adapt is limited due to higher level of dependence on natural resources, weak financial and institutional arrangements, and high incidence of poverty, stagnant or diminishing growth of GDP and most importantly absence or weak safety net mechanism. Pakistans State of Environment The development history of Pakistan is quite interesting. Pakistans economy has undergone different experiments over the course of time. On occasion, Pakistan followed the protective-economic model, and other times, the open-market model. However, these models remained oblivious of environmental aspects. Although Pakistan is not a big polluter, the prevalent lack of knowledge regarding nature is a major concern. Environment and poverty are strongly linked and in some cases, determine impact. The underprivileged sections of society are more dependent on natural resources and their judicious distribution, and at the same time, are more vulnerable to economic, social and environmental shocks. Poor management of natural resources further aggravates the situation in Pakistan. The livelihood of millions of people is, both directly and indirectly, dependent on Pakistans natural assets. How is Pakistan affected by climate change? Pakistan contributes very little to the overall Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, but remains severely impacted by the negative effects of climate change by the following ways: Glacier melt in the Himalayas is projected to increase flooding will affect water resources within the next two to three decades. This will be followed by decreased river flows over time as glaciers recede. Freshwater availability is also projected to decrease which will lead to biodiversity loss and reduce availability of freshwater for the population. Coastal areas bordering the Arabian Sea in the south of Pakistan will be at greatest risk due to increased flooding from the sea and in some cases, the rivers. Being a predominantly agriculture economy, climate change is estimated to decrease crop yields in Pakistan which in turn will affect livelihoods and food production. Combining the decreased yields with the current rapid population growth and urbanization in the country, the risk of hunger and food security will remain high.   Endemic morbidity and mortality due to diseases primarily associated with floods and droughts are expected to rise. Increases in coastal water temperatures would exacerbate the abundance of cholera.   The impact of climate change will also aggravate the existing social inequalities of resource use and intensify social factors leading to instability, conflicts, displacement of people and changes in migration patterns. Environmental degradation is a well-established fact in Pakistan. Components of the environment, e.g. forests, water, wetlands, land, air are not in satisfactory quality. Moreover, their condition continues to deteriorate with time. The land is losing its fertility due to organic degradation, soil erosion, water logging, salinity and the loss of cover of natural vegetation. Land productivity is increasingly following a decreasing trend and is already very low in Pakistan as compared to the other developed and developing countries. The water sector also faces issues of environmental degradation and the dilemma of mismanagement. Industrial, solid and household waste further adds to water pollution and the lack of an adequate governance system is exacerbating the situation. Water basins are also depleting very rapidly. The exhaustion of water basins is and will continue to be the cause of major concerns in the future. Pakistan will have to face the problem of scarcity in future, which will result in reduced hydro power generation. Over-exploitation of forest resources is a common phenomenon, due to lack of awareness among the masses. The quality of air is worsening due to presence of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), the general misuse of natural resources and other unwanted pollutants, such as chemicals. Owing to these problems, Pakistans biodiversity is sharply declining. The poor health of natural resources is impacting the whole social, economic and environmental fabric of Pakistan. This current state of the environment imposes heavy costs on the countrys weak economic structure. Negligence in the past has further impaired the situation and enhanced the financial burden. The current government is coping with problems in tackling environmental issues, due to the weak economic situation and increasing natural disintegration. Furthermore, the allocation of national funds towards environment and poverty are not based on necessity. Government spending on the environment is clearly insufficient. The institutional framework to address environmental issues is weak, but it has been evolving since the formulation and adoption of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance in 1983. Pakistan, being a signatory to different international agreements, is reframing its institutes, legal set up and implementation strategies. The government has established different authorities and organizations, e.g. Clean Development Mechanism cell, Environment Protection Agency, Global Change Impact Studies Centre (GCISC) and policies and acts e.g. PEPA97, Environment Policy 2005 and Energy Efficiency Policy and so on. The Environment Policy 2005 is a pivotal instrument for the response to environmental concerns. The policy addresses the production sector, both natural and industrial, to attain the objective of sustainable development in Pakistan and mainstreaming environmental knowledge. The policy suggests What Next? Pakistan is a signatory to almost all environment related agreements and thus has certain obligations and privileges. Now, the question arises as to how Pakistan will fulfill the dream of development in the presence of all these agreements, which call for more sustainable solutions to all these problems. As part of its privileges, Pakistan can ask for financial and technological help from the developed world. Furthermore, Pakistan can also ask for aid in tackling climate change vulnerabilities under the adaptation window. However, there are certain weaknesses or shortcomings in the international agreements which will be discussed at the Copenhagen in the Conference Of Parties 15 (COP) in December 2009. This will be a superb opportunity for Pakistan to voice its concerns. International Negotiations and Key Issues The debate on climate change is complex. Uncertainty and inequality of climate change and its impacts make it further convoluted. Scientific evidence suggests that the impact of climate change would be highly unequal due to geography. Poor (developing, least developed and small island countries) regions would be more vulnerable and some small island countries would become endangered. Developing, least developed and small island countries have a very minor share in historical emissions. However, weak institutional, governance and financial infrastructure make them more vulnerable. The Fourth Assessment Report (FAR) 2007, by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) pointed out that the climate change would be unequal and poor countries would be more vulnerable. Problem Statement the issue in Pakistan is education and lack of awareness about climate change and its impacts on Pakistan and most importantly lack of Governments accorded budget to tackle climate change by building institutions and research centers. People are not aware about how vulnerable and at risk they are and what they need to do in order to save the future generation. Climate Change and Media: a threat and vulnerabilities and the level of awareness about it. Objectives and Significance of the Study This study is aimed at knowing how much vulnerable Pakistan is to threat of climate change and the level of awareness that exists in the society about it. The purpose of the study is to gather information about the role media is playing educating people about it and how much do people know. This paper will evaluate the reasons behind the lack of awareness that exists in people due to lack of media specialists who can report, educate and spread awareness about climate change. Considering the fact the media changes many opinions and lifestyles it can have a huge impact on peoples way of thinking and persuade them to change their lifestyles to more sustainable ways of living and using any commodity. As climate Change is the biggest and the gravest issue of the 21st Century. Literature Review The media coverage and role in creating awareness about the state of environment and climate change reporting is poor in Pakistan and it increases the vulnerabilities. All the articles that were referred to put forward the same point that how journalists should be trained to report about the problems coming as a result of Climate Change. The journalists should put all efforts to build strong linkages for creating awareness among all levels of the society and extend their support and cooperation to the Ministry of environment and all the civil society members working for climate change for achieving the goal of a healthy and clean environment. In Farehia Rehmans article in THE NATION Media must create awareness about environment issues By FAREHIA REHMAN June 5, 2009 The Director UNESCO Islamabad Maurice Robson said that the organization is collaborating with the Ministry of Environment for organizing two media workshops for strengthening the capacity of media professional. He said that there is dire need to improve the linkages between the Ministry of Environment and Ministry of Education for promoting environmental education in different segments of the society. The aim is to do capacity building of journalists for effectively reporting on climate change and mountain ecosystem related issues in order to help boost the efforts for raising awareness in the concerned areas. Media can play a major role in persuading and convincing people about the depth of the problem of climate change like Al Gore documentary has converted many people and turned them into responsible citizens who want to use sustainable ways of consuming electricity, while buying their cars, while using plastic bags and while polluting their environment. And the article Al Gores documentary draws students attention (Pakistan Observer 13th April 2010 Islamabad) Supports this argument that the documentary and the media content increases youths interest. Kakakhel said that energy production is the single most GHG producing process which is profusely used in food production and processing technologies. He advised the students not to use shower but water and use towels outside ten times and use more climate-friendly products. Say no to plastics, he said, which are damaging trees. He said one can have a car pool and effort should be made to use bicycles wherever possible and convince people by talking and writing to editors. He said that bad actions and inactions are more dangerous. Another article Call for technology transfer, aid to mitigate climate change (Dawn13 May 2009 Islamabad) Farrukh Iqbal Khan from the Foreign Office suggested establishment of fund for innovative projects to enhance awareness while creation of regional curriculum on climatology, capacity building and knowledge generation A lot of articles are found on just negotiations that have been held by policy makers on climate change and how and what sectors are being affected that need to tackled. Pakistans vulnerabilities are being discussed in the articles but they also urge the media persons to be trained and to learn how to report about climate change and how media should play an important role in the information gap that exists in people about the issue. Even the Article 6 of the UNFCCC Convention supports the fact that there is need of building institutions to create awareness and spread education at a National and regional, sub regional levels if needed with international help. Following are the clauses: (i) The development and implementation of educational and public awareness programmes on climate change and its effects; (ii) Public access to information on climate change and its effects; (iii) Public participation in addressing climate change and its effects and developing adequate responses; and (iv) Training of scientific, technical and managerial personnel. Climate change is irreversibly harming Pakistan, with its tremendous social, environmental and economic impacts. The main challenges are reduced agricultural productivity, human morbidity, and stressed use of natural resources. The agriculture productivity in Pakistan is being affected due to changes in land and water regimes. This is negatively affecting agriculture productivity by altering bio-physical relationships like changing growing periods of crops, altered scheduling of cropping seasons, increased crop stresses (thermal and moisture stresses), changing irrigation water requirements, altering soil characteristics and increasing the risk of pests and diseases. The report prepared by the Task Force on Climate Change will work to evaluate institutional weaknesses and suggest measures for strengthening capacity of relevant institutions, promoting program for advocacy and awareness, mainstreaming climate change into national and sect-oral policies, provide guidelines for reduction of green house gas emissions and environmental pollution as well as guide for the development of clean development mechanism-based projects to avail international opportunities for financing. Media has a serious role to play in this Instead of covering issues about two celebrities getting into a fight or how the Indian soap operas have reached a 1000 episodes our journalists should report about the scientific effects of climate change on our biosphere, talk about a fisherman in Gawadar who can no longer feed his family because the fish is hard to catch as the catch has declined due to global warming they are becoming endangered. Or they come in different seasons now; the whole pattern of weather is changing. By doing so, the public not only understands what youre saying, but begins to empathize with a specific person. That empathy means they care and the more you make people care about your issue, the more they are willing to agree with your point of view. Suddenly, the reporter has a way of telling your story in a way that his or her audience is more likely to care about. The argument strengthens the very basic point of educating a poor for example a farmer about his crops and how they can be affected by climate change and what he needs to do to about it. Media reaches down to the poorest of the poor in every form, and medium be it radio, news papers or Television (Internet has nothing to do with farmer community). Media can transform the way people think and how they act. There is just need to inject the fear of being affected by climate change that can cause disasters. Media has the power to convince people to agree to what they disagreed before. Climate change needs all the attention at this moment and this is the right time. People in the northern valleys and people near sea e.g. fisher men, transporters e.g. the Karakorem Highway will be washed off with the Hunza Lake water level when the Glaciers fully melts. These are all things that are the top and most important issues affecting trade and business and causing many lives. Climate change will o nly become worse if not treated well and taken care of, and practical awareness needs to be spread among these people who are the most vulnerable to it through media. Research Methodology The research was from both primary and secondary sources. The questionnaire containing 16 questions was filled by 40 young university students equally distributed among females and males from different backgrounds to check the knowledge and level of awareness in them about climate change considering the fact that the youth has access to and is obsessed with media and whatever it shows has an effect on them. The questionnaire gave out the first hand results and opinions of people. The questions were designed in a way that each was connected with the other and they had a pattern of starting from the basic questions about the term climate change and then how much they think media has been covering it and then whether Pakistan is vulnerable and what are the policy makers doing about it. How effective medias role has been in reporting about climate change and telling Pakistan how and from where Pakistan is the most vulnerable what sectors are being affected by it and how many problems can arise because of it in future. The articles support and problem statement that the analysis of the survey questionnaire. Survey Analysis A sample of 40 students was taken from different disciplines (MBA, BBA, and BSS) among them there were 20 males and 20 females. The analysis is as follows: Q.4 Are you familiar with the term climate change? More than 80% of the people are familiar with the term climate change and around 18 % people have heard it but dont know what it means but none said that they havent heard it or are not familiar with it. Climate change the term is known to the majority of the young people that were interviewed. As climate change is an undeniable fact of the 21st century and especially people in the third world are the most vulnerable to it, as Pakistan being one of the vulnerable countries are youth is familiar with the term because they have heard or read it somewhere or maybe they can feel major changes in weather and probably relate it to climate change. Q.5 where did you hear it from? What were your sources of awareness about this issue? Around 68% of the peoples main source of information about climate change is newspaper/television/internet. Only 10% said they were affiliated with some organization working for climate change and thats how they knew about it. And around 23% said they had watched some documentary on it. So this shows that only literate class knows about it and its their own efforts through which they know about it but the illiterate or the people who do not have access to TV or cannot read news paper are at greater risk because they mostly they are farmers people working in villages around sea shores , river banks, fishers etc they are the most vulnerable to any climatic disaster and they usually do not have the access to such mass media. Q.6 how often do you see climate change issues being addressed in the news papers or by our media? Around 38% people think that climate change issues or the topic is being covered every week by the media or news paper. 35% think that its once a month, almost 13% said that they have never seen any coverage on it and 15 % people said they come across it every day. But the main twist is that it is not being covered by the local media this much or it is not focused on Pakistan specially, its different areas, from where ever it is being affect for example from the south or the north, or whether the Himalayan glaciers are at risk or the fish in the sea in Karachi. People do not know how much and from what angles Pakistan is getting affected and what measures are needed to tackle any such disaster. Q.7 Are you aware of any organizations working for climate change? Interesting answers were revealed out of this question as exactly 37.5% people said yes they were aware of organizations working for climate change and same percent age of people also said they didnt know about any such organizations. And to balance it out the 25% people said that maybe they knew or had heard some organizations working for it they werent sure about it. This shows the level of confusion, and extreme views in the youth about this issue being tackled in Pakistan and how and by whom. As it is very important for the people to know about the right organizations to be informed and to get connected with if they are interested in becoming an agent of change by contributing towards the work being done by those organizations for climate change. This just shows the lack of interest of people and the ambiguity that exists in them about the issue because most of the people are not aware about the level of Pakistans vulnerability to it because they are not being educated about it. Q.8 Do you agree that Climate change is being addressed by policy makers It is clearly visible that majority (35%) of the people strongly disagreed with the statement that climate change was being rightly and sufficiently being addressed by the policy makers. And that is the core problem. This leads to lack of institutions and lack of the urge to create awareness about t

Pros And Cons Of The Internet For Research Purposes English Language Essay

Pros And Cons Of The Internet For Research Purposes English Language Essay The Internet according to Oxford English Mini Dictionary defined Is a huge global computer network. In my own opinion, the internet can be defined as a place where you go to search for information of any type depending on what you are looking for. Furthermore the internet has great potentials and much information to offer; however, the internet like every other living, or nonliving thing, has its own advantages and disadvantages. Research in the point of view of the Oxford English Mini Dictionary is the study of materials and sources to discover facts  [2]  . I will say that research can be defined as a comprehensive source. So in this essay we will discuss about available information on the internet, convenient, it saves time, virus threat, what to look for why we are researching, and conclusion. ADVANTAGE FOR RESEACH PURPOSE A LOT OF INFORMATION AVAILABLE Looking at the internet for research, we will discover that it has done more than enough for the human race; it has made life easier for a lot of students and many others who have one thing or the other to do with the internet. Also on it you will find some of, if not all the information you need on a particular subject or on anything that you are looking for. When you go to the internet you will find all kinds of information on it, internet is a treasure on its own. IT IS CONVENIENT Talking about it being convenient, we say that the internet has made life easier, even more than what humanity can imagine, you can work at anywhere, at any time, whenever you fill like it, and everything you need is at your finger tip. Even some time, your mind will be at rest because you know that you have all it take to do what you want with you, and when you start you know that you will do your work in a appropriate way. IT SAVES TIME With the internet in front of you, you will do all what you have to do within a short period, if you have so many assignments to do; you can do them because you have what you need in your front. When you have the website with you it makes your work be easier. You can get whatever you need in a short period; you dont have to go to the library looking for books. You can get those books and read them to get your information on the internet. You will just type in the website and it will bring out what you want and you will get your information quickly. DISADVANTAGE FOR RESEACH PURPOSE Looking for resources from the internet sometimes, is not encouraging because if you are not clever enough, you may get lost without you knowing it. Your work will be full of unmeaning things that have nothing to do with what you are writing about. There are so many materials from the internet that look alright but when reading it, you find out that they are not from a reliable sources, sometimes they are just one man or someones idea and that is not okay for research purpose. We have so many people that fill the internet with their own opinions; anybody can write anything as long as it makes sense to them, no one can challenge them, so they just write what they think is okay in their own eyes. Without you knowing it, you will get lost trying to reframe the whole idea to fit in into you own work. Secondly, we have some authors from the internet that are unknown and their works are not that okay for research. Some are scholarly but their work authority cannot be verified  [3]   Sometime on the internet we have references that are not correct, on it we have ideas they are not okay for research or that the author did not do their own home work very well, so if as a student if you get caught up with this your work will not be accepted. Some of the things that are on the website are not academically good for students because some of it is not from the original writers. Some reproduced their source from printed material, and they will not have it put in correctly and this always cause a lot of problem for student. Thirdly on the internet if you are not careful you will spend all your time there, because you have to search for some Universities, scholarly and authoritative sources that support the work of the author you want to work with. Also you have to look for websites to know when last they have been updated last and all these will take your time if you are not careful. The problem with it sometimes is that you have to read properly if not, you will copy wrong information for your work. Check the background of the authors to know if they are reputable scholars. You have to know if what you are using is a book, magazine or a journal  [4]  and also check for footnotes and the bibliography to know if they have researched properly. WHAT WE SHOULD LOOK FOR The author should have a source, where they come from, something about the title of the page, if the writer is the main author or they have a place where they get their idea from or if they get it from a book. You have to find out the date of which you copy your work, get the original book if you can, find out about the web address and let it be in the correct form. Sometimes when writing an essay or you are doing research you may come across other author in the book you are using, you have to find the other book that the author you are using is quoting from because the author of the book is saying something about it, find that book so that you can quote directly from it. If you are using resources on line make sure that you have the correct first footnote, which is your main sources, second footnote if you have any which is the other author that writes something in the book you are using and bibliography. We need to check the sources of the site, if they are academically good for a student, maybe they have any university supports and if they have any scholars that are using their web site. Usage of web site for research, as a well organised student you have to look for permission or ask your teacher to check with you if you a using it for your assignment. VIRUS THREAT The problem that a lot of people are facing is the viruses, for it has destroyed lots of systems and caused a lot headaches for so many people, for a virus is a programme which is destroying the normal functions of the computer system. Also if the computer system is attached to the internet it is likely for that system to get a virus. So all this can destroy your whole hard disk and leave you with problems. CONCLUSION So I will say using the internet for research is okay, it has lots of information, depending what you are looking for. However, it is you who will decide if what you have is for your advantage or disadvantage. So read and read so that you can be on safer side when writing because if you are not it may cost you your hard labour and your mark.

War and Peace Essay: The Importance of Sonya -- War Peace

The Importance of Sonya in War and Peace Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace speculates deeply about history, religious life and human brotherhood. Most readers focus on the characters of Natasha, Prince Andrew, and Pierre. Another character named Sonya, who is an orphaned cousin, is staying with the Rostov family. Sonya is overshadowed by the other characters, however, she is vital to the rounding out of the other characters in the novel. The people she loves most take her life of commitment and sacrifice for granted. The reader is thus also inclined to give little emphasis to her role in their lives and in the novel as a whole. As someone who has essentially nothing, Sonya is willing to give everything she has to those she loves. She gives of herself willingly and thanklessly. This life of sacrifice truly embodies Sonya's generous character. This genuine nature of her character allows her to reveal so much about those with whom she interacts throughout the novel. With Sonya's seeming "simplicity" in the background, Tolstoy fully develops the characters of Natasha and Nicholas. He uses Sonya as a contrast for his heroine, Natasha, and also as a chart of growth for Natasha's brother, Nicholas. Tolstoy even uses Sonya as a contrast to Princess Mary. Here, if one looks deeper, one will find that there is very little contrast at all between the two women. Most importantly, Sonya is an illustration of society's effects on a poor selfless young girl who puts her needs below those of all others. Tolstoy employs Sonya's character in a variety of situations. Without Sonya, a great deal of his novel's depth and richness would be lost. Sonya is first introduced as Count Rostov's fifteen-year-old niece who ... ... all. Just as the characters in the novel never really appreciate all that Sonya does for them, the reader puts very little emphasis on all that Sonya does to enhance the entire novel. Sonya serves as a truly reflective mirror to Natasha who "never needed to sacrifice herself, but made others sacrifice themselves for her and yet was beloved by everybody"(903). Sonya's presence also helps the growth of Nicholas and reveals a great deal about the society in which she lives. The importance of Sonya's character to War and Peace is immense, yet overshadowed by characters deemed more "important" than she. Sonya tends to be put in the background of this novel as she is put in the background of the lives of those whom she loves. Without her Leo Tolstoy's novel would greatly diminished. Leo Tolstoy, War and Peace, Book of the Month Club, Inc., New York.

Veronica - Why Doesnt Veronica Leave For The City? Essay -- essays res

The city is an elegant place to live. It calls to the people from the inferior village life. The well led life followed by the city people offers many opportunities compared to the hopelessness of village surroundings. It offers hope, the chance to be independent, the chance of a job. In the story Veronica by Adewale Maja-Pearce, Okekà © the ever lasting friend of Veronica is drawn by the attraction of the city for the opportunities he sees for himself. Veronica on the other hand does not desire to leave their decomposing village for the city. She decides this for a number of reasons. One of the reasons why Veronica decides not to go to the city is due to her lack of education. She feels that the city has nothing to offer her and her place is the village. She says, 'What will I do when I get there, I have no qualifications not even a standard six' She is aware that she needs qualifications to succeed in the city and without them, she sees no point in going. Another reason associated with this is to do with Veronica's expectations. If Veronica's expectations were not so low, she may have gone to the city with Okekà ©. Veronica says, 'They are my family that is enough' This line is an example of Veronica's low expectations. She feels her family is enough and she needs nothing else. Another example of Veronicas low expectations is when Okekà © comes back after ten years to find Veronica with a child a husband. Another example is, 'God has blessed us with a son. Is that not e...

Essay --

Historically, Myasthenia Gravis was discovered by Thomas Willis in 1672. It was not until late 19th century that Wilhelm Erb and Samuel Goldflam described the muscle disease due the lack of nervous input. Initially, it was called the Erb-Goldflam syndrome until Friedrich Jolly, a German neurologist coined it as Myasthenia Gravis Pseudoparalytica. He created the Jolly test, which tested for muscle weakness by eliciting faradic stimulations for continuous muscular contractions that caused fatigue (Ropper & Samuels 2009). Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease that causes antibodies to destroy the signal transduction in neuromuscular transmission. In an autoimmune disease such as myasthenia Gravis, the immune system cannot differentiate between healthy cells and antigens. The host’s antibodies block the acetylcholine nicotinic receptors resulting in inhibition of the excitatory effects of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. It also degrades the acetylcholine receptors. Normally, the antibodies do not attack normal healthy acetylcholine receptors on the postsynaptic end of the neuromuscular junction. Acetylcholine is released from the vesicles from the presynaptic end into the synaptic cleft where it binds to the acetylcholine nicotinic receptors eliciting an excitatory effect for muscle contraction. Once this action is inhibited, muscle contraction in that cell cannot be elicited. These nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are found on the motor end plate of the muscle cell. Acetylcholine binding allows a cascade of events to release calcium into the muscle cell. This allows the movement of actin and myosin based on the sliding filament theory to power stroke causing the cell to contract (Ropper & Samuels 2009). Myasthenia Gra... ...l lives. In conclusion, immunosuppressive agents and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors help in reducing the symptoms of Myasthenia Gravis. While acetylcholinesterase inhibitors have a short half-life accompanied by various side effects, it is the best solution at this time to alleviate muscle weakness and fatigue. Pyridostigmine is the most commonly used drug with the lowest toxicity amongst these inhibitors because of its limited bioavailability. Immunosuppressive drugs inhibit antibody release reducing the amount of malfunctioning T-cells that attack the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. While its effects are not immediate with poor absorption, it provides longer periods of symptom relief. The immunological agents are only reduced and not destroyed and thus regenerate to elicit myasthenic symptoms. Further research is necessary to continue the search for a cure.

Dorian Gray Passage Analysis

Dorian Gray Passage: Literary Analysis In this scene, Wilde creates a threatening atmosphere as he describes Dorian heading to the Opium House at night, a place that represents his sins. Dorian’s carriage â€Å"jerks† into a â€Å"dark† area, the sudden movement suggesting that the horse is instinctively nervous or scared. And the â€Å"low roofs and jagged chimney-stacks† that looked like â€Å"black masts† shrouded by a mist of â€Å"ghostly sails† paint a nightmarish image of hostility due to harsh words like jagged, and fear with mentions of ghosts; both add to the tension.In the next paragraph Wilde uses diction such as â€Å"hastily† and â€Å"quickly† to build the suspense with Dorian’s obvious discomfort in the situation and desire to get out of the open. Then, Wilde uses light imagery to illustrate a dark setting which would explain Dorian’s fear. The description that the night was lit by a â€Å"red glar e† and â€Å"lights [that] shook and splintered in the puddles† contributes to the uneasiness because red is often the color of evil and shaking lights can be associated with panic.Dorian’s anxiety heightens as he â€Å"hurried† and â€Å"[glanced] back now and then to see if he was being followed†. His actions suggest that he is paranoid and running from something, causing the environment around him to appear more threatening. And finally, Wilde’s description of â€Å"gaunt factories† completes the image of a foreboding neighborhood because even at night, factories are supposed to appear formidable, not desolate as if they couldn’t stand up to their surroundings.

Skin Facts

The skin is the largest organ of the body. On the average person, the skin is approximately 3000 square inches and weighs approximately seven pounds. While the eyes are the â€Å"windows of the soul†, the skin is the â€Å"window to the body† because it is the only organ that can be seen. The skin contains 25% of the body’s blood supply, which flow completely through the skin once every minute. The skin is the body’s largest organ of immunity. It is the body’s first line of defence, the boundary where self is designed from non-self, yet it is highly interactive with the environment. Anatomy of Normal Skin Approximately 50% of the body’s primary cells of immunity are housed in the skin at any minute. After puberty, these cells are matured in the skin. The skin is biodynamic, alive up to the stratum corneum the only barrier the skin has to the outside world. The stratum corneum is less than the thickness of one human hair. In one square inch of the skin there are 2800 openings for sweat and oil glands. Over three million sweat glands cover the body, contributing to one of the skin’s many nicknames, the third kidney. In one day, skin will release one to several millilitres’ of water. As we get older, these sweat glands produce less perspiration. Skin perspires, what some people mistakenly call breathing. It takes in about 2. 5% of the body’s oxygen and releases about 3% carbon dioxide. In general, the skin does not breathe from outside oxygen. It works on anaerobic metabolism through our lungs. The skin is a bio-conversion factory. It is the largest hormone and enzyme producing organ of the body. Two distinct layers make up the skin. The epidermis, which covers and protects and the dermis, supports the epidermis and connects it to the underlying muscles. It acts as a heat regular in conjunction with the blood stream and perspiration glands. When the body is exposed to too much heat, there is a rush of blood to the surface of the skin, permitting it to cool. At the same time, the perspiration glands secrete liquid to aid in the process. Sensory erception occurs in the skin, preventing damage to its ability to feel heat and/or cold, giving pleasure by the same ability to feel such things as the smoothness of satin of the softness of down. There is delayed light screening by means of melanin’s reaction to light. Melanin is a dark pigment found in the skin. It is the area where both sebum and perspiration production take place and where these two combine on the surface to form a protective film (acid mantle) which renders the skin less vulnerable to damage and attack by environmental factors (e. . sun, wind, bacteria) and less prone to dehydration. â€Å"pH† is a chemist’s term standing for â€Å"potential of hydrogen† and is used to describe the degree of acidity or alkalinity in the acid mantle of the skin or in a product. It is measured on a scale ranging from 0-14. The centre of the scale, 7, is neutrality (neither acid nor alkaline). A reading above 7 indicates that the substance being measured is alkaline; below 7, acid. As far as the skin is concerned, a normal pH (or normal Acid Mantle) is in the range of 4. 2 to 5. 6. It will vary from one part of the body to another and generally speaking, the pH of a man’s skin is lower (more acid) than of a woman’s. The Chemical Composition of the Skin: Water70. 0% All percentages are approximate, Protein25. 5%as water may range from 60% to 70%. Lipids2. 0% Trace Minerals0. 5% All Other2. 0% There are three main skin layers: †¢The Subcutis contains fat cells and Lipocytes which make lipids. †¢The Dermis contains nerves, blood vessels, sebaceous glands and sweat glands and consists mainly of collagen & elastin. †¢The Epidermis contains keratinocytes, melanocytes and Langerhans cells. The skin, and in fact our whole body, is composed of many different types of cells. These cells have the same fundamental chemical composition but they vary in size, shape and function. The cells that comprise the outer layer of the skin are themselves a series of many layers that overlap each other, thus ensuring that cellular or other fluids cannot escape from the body via the skin except through a cut or break, or by means of special escape routes: the pore of follicles. The outer surface of the skin is comprised of flattened dead cells. Underneath however, there are living cells, which are somewhat fuller, and the deeper one goes into the skin, the fuller and rounder the cells become. At the bottom of all the layers, there is a row of cells, which are the ones that are always growing and in the process, pushing other cells upward, the cells become flattened as they are emptied of their natural fluid through pressure and dehydration. This normal process of shedding and renewal takes about 30 days (which means that after a cell is born in the bottom layer, it ends up on the surface of the skin, dead and ready to shed). The number of things the skin does for us is incredible. It covers us (epidermis and dermis), helps us keep warm (fatty layer), cools us off (sweat glands), keeps itself supple (oil glands) provides ultraviolet ray protection (melanin cells, registers our sense of touch (nerves), and is ornamental (hair, eyelashes, nails). Over time, dead protein cells can build up and block sebaceous and sudoriferous glands. This causes disturbances in the skins pH levels, normal rhythm and proliferation.

Conflict critique

A conflict is a disagreement between individuals or groups which when remain unresolved, may need the intervention of a mediator to prevent escalation of the dispute. Conflict transformation on the other hand is when an individual mindset, attitude, skills and capabilities changes so they can deal with conflict resolution Issues. Indispensable in the process Is the modeling of spiritual lessons as taught In the Bible. In our everyday lives we face some kind of conflict this Is because we are surrounded by different individuals with different personalities and believe when efferent Individuals come together these personalities clash.The problem of conflict happens especially in schools and this Is why a course Like conflict transformation Is Important especially for school children. The course of conflict transformation seeks to provide students with knowledge and understanding of the nature of conflict. The course gives students ways of how they should manage conflict and successfull y deal with conflict In different circumstances. During this semester the course have thought me some valuable things such as: the nature and causes of conflict, we have articulated in different conflict situation, developed skills and attitude towards solving conflict.The different skills that I have learnt have brought transformation in my life. Before learning skills of which to deal with conflict my ways of handling conflict was unhealthy. Whenever I had an issue with someone I would blurt it out in front of a crowd instead of doing it in a peaceful and respectful way. I would not listen when persons try to come to an agreement but since I have been introduced to this course I have learnt how to handle my disputes in the right way. Great impact as been made in my personal life. Now I understand the nature of conflict and that emotions play an integral part in conflict.Usually I let my emotions take control of me during a conflict, but conflict transformation as thought me the sk ill of emotional intelligence. This is where you learn to control your emotions and do not let your emotions take control so to let you make wrong decisions without strong feelings. Anger is an emotion which when expressed, causes a person to acts out of character and sometimes loose self-control, resorting to verbally, emotionally, and sometimes hectically abusing another person or persons. Sometimes, anger may be expressed for self-defense and â€Å"righteous indignation. This is one emotion which I had problems with. When I was angry, my anger over powered my thoughts. Instead of letting an emotion like anger cloud my thoughts now, I control my feelings, express my emotions in a non-aggressive way. Another Impact the course had made In my personal life is that it reminded me of an Important thing, which I must learn and always do, listen. When you do not listen to Individuals you tend to misinterpret what they had said. This causes conflict and also put a halt In solving some co nflicts.Not listening caused me to be In many conflict In the past. I did not stop to listen and understand. I now listen to Individuals as to show them that I care, that I have respect for them In addition to showing them that I have Interest In the Issue at hand. Due to this course I am now a better person because my life has been transformed. It has made some significant impact on my life. To avoid conflict I 4)Attacking the person, not the problem 5)Establishing objectivity 6)Use of Sarcasm 7)Tone of voice. Instead of not caring and wasting time arguing I am now†¦ ) Being aware of the emotional atmosphere. 2) Being sensitive of what we say and how we say it. 3) Seeking to be a peacemaker. 4) Being willing to negotiate your position on an issue and show respect for the opinion of others. 5) Being compassionate. 6) Practicing fair play and objectivity. 7) Seeking to create a win-win situation in a conflict. I am glad I was able to do a course such as this because it has given me a new perceptive o how to deal with people. I now can make myself to be a healthy, kind hearted person in addition to helping others.