Kurdi Group / Nation In Iraq Lifestyle, Recognition - 2200 Words

Kurdi Group / Nation In Iraq: Lifestyle, Recognition (Essay Sample) Content: Kurds Group/Nation in IraqNameInstitutional AffiliationKurds Group/Nation in IraqSimilar to most groups all over the world, the Kurds possess their own identity that is based on their various aspects including their language, their religion, their Kurdistan geographical territory as well as their common race. There are various questions that can be raised in line with the identity politics of the Kurds group. These questions include the definition of nationalism and the role of nationalism in the formulation of views, the nature of the Kurdish views in the light of nationalism and questions that are directly related to the identity of the Kurds. The success of the Kurdish group in the fight for autonomy and in the fight for their rights and freedom in line with the politics of identity can be attributed to the use of political parties and political organizations as well as theparticipation of the Kurds in armed warfare.Historical Context of the Kurdish IdentityThe cur rent condition in line with the politics of identity regarding the Kurds can be understood by the analysis of the historical context of the condition. The Kurds are on numerous occasions referred to as a nation or rather as a non-state nation  as they total up to 35 million individuals CITATION Mic16 \l 1033 (Rubin, 2016). The Kurds are sometimes referred to as a nation based on the fact that this ethnic group possesses the nation characteristics. The homeland of the Kurds is located in between four countries which are Iran, Iraq, Turkey and Syria CITATION Mic16 \l 1033 (Rubin, 2016). The governments of the nations mentioned above relate differently with the Kurds. That is, the government of Turkey barely recognizes the existence of the Kurds hence their denial of their cultural rights as well as their linguistic rights in the country. In my opinion, when individuals are denied the rights that they term as important for their existence, they end up creating resistance with a vi ew of fighting for their rights. In this regard, the denial of the cultural rights and the linguistic rights to the Kurds consequently led to identity recognition struggles in relation to this group.On numerous occasions, the when specific individuals in a given country are denied their rights by the government of that country, they start fighting the government for their autonomy. Furthermore, when the government fails to listen to them they fight harder for their rights at any cost. Therefore, the major factors behind the politics of identity on the part of the Kurds are their historical struggle for social freedom as well as political freedom. The case of the Kurdish community against the Iraq government is different from the cases in Iran and Turkey. At the point when Iraq gained its independence in 1932 as a nation-state, the government identified an objective or rather an aim of guaranteeing the Kurds autonomous rights CITATION She13 \l 1033 (Kirmanj, 2013).However, this obje ctive was never materialized until the period of the Kurdish Uprising following the results of the Gulf War of 1991 CITATION Mic16 \l 1033 (Rubin, 2016). During this time, the Kurds had established legal bases of claiming a greater say as far as their affairs and the affairs of the nation were concerned. This apparently led to chauvinistic responses in respect to Baghdads consecutive governments. The responses were very brutal which saw the use of chemical weapons in ethnic cleansing in addition to genocide campaigns with the aim of eliminating the Kurdish individuals. In my opinion, it is quite evident that the correlation that exists between nationalism and conflict at the ethnic level is crucial in the determination of nationalism origin in the case of the Kurds. The Kurdish nationalism arose as a political movement in the course and after the Ottoman Empire dissolution with the aim of achieving progression as well as statehood. Conclusively, it can be said that the Kurds have s erious justifications of their grievances. These grievances are further elevated by the failure of the government of Iraq in respecting the demands of the Kurds.The Aims of the Kurdish GroupThe grievances that are made by a resistant group in a particular nation express their dissatisfaction in line with the manner in which they are treated. Additionally, the grievances often lead to the establishment of aims to address them clearly. The Syrian War and the war in Iraq have thrust the Kurdish group into the spotlight consequently highlighting the divisions besides the alliances that exist between the factions CITATION Had09 \l 1033 (Hadji, 2009). A wide network in line with political parties, bureaucratic parties in addition to armed groups haves been established in the Kurdistan territory. In this respect, the first ultimate aim of the Kurds is the achievement of greater autonomy. The second aim is the protection of the language and culture of the Kurds CITATION She13 \l 1033 (Kir manj, 2013). In my opinion, making the aims clear is indicative of the groups resolve to earn identity by all means and making the government understand what they stand for.Why the Aspirations are Held by the KurdsThe aspirations mentioned above are as a result of the Iraqs invasion in 2003 and the civil war of Syria CITATION Mic16 \l 1033 (Rubin, 2016). These two events acted as a catalyst in the thriving of the Kurdish autonomy. Moreover, since the establishment of the Iraqi state, the Kurdish community has been treated as the key minority in the state. Apart from making up the largest percentage of the population in Iraq, the Kurdish population has a huge political significance in Iraq as a result of their political activism and their reluctance to the compliance with state repression CITATION Had09 \l 1033 (Hadji, 2009). Various agreements that were made between the Kurds and the Iraqi state have not been achieved as the agreements are broken and consequently the dismembering of the Kurds. In my opinion, the Iraqi government does not seem committed to the interests of the group and it would take a lot of time before any realization of an agreement to their ideas.Furthermore, the ethnic cleansing as well as the mass murder carried out by the regime of Saddam Hussein also inspire the Kurds to fight on for their autonomy. Apart from this, the fundamental ethnic conflicts that are between the Kurds and the Iraq individuals are also a motivating factor for the holding of the aspirations CITATION Nat15 \l 1033 (Natali, 2015). The Kurds have from time immemorial refused to give away their ethnic identity to their controlling government. They have thus decided to go ahead with their patriotic struggle at whatever price. They desire to have better lives and to possess their own place. The aspirations are also held by the Kurdsbecause of variations between the interests of the Kurds and the interests of the Iraqi state. TheKurds are continuously fighting for the ir independent recognition while the Iraqi state is fighting to repulse and disallow the efforts of the Kurds CITATION Nat15 \l 1033 (Natali, 2015). The urgent need to be connected to the Kurdish identity specifically referring to their urge to be connected to the Indo-European language of the Kurds is another reason behind the aspirations held by the Kurds.How they Seek to Achieve their ObjectivesThe Kurds have vigorously pursued the achievement of their objectives by the use of various groups. To begin with, the Kurds have established political parties in addition to political organizations that are legitimate with a view of promoting the rights and freedom of the Kurds CITATION Mic16 \l 1033 (Rubin, 2016). Based on my view, political parties are formed with the view of bringing all the members together for the realization of their aims. Moreover, the Kurdshave also participated in armed struggles. Some of the Kurds use guerilla tactics in addition to terror attacks on the civi lians with a view of fighting for their rights and freedom. In particular, the Kurdistan Alliance has been employed as a crucial framework for the formation of political parties affiliated to the Kurds. Therefore, there are various political parties that have been formed under this alliance. These political parties include the Kurdistan Islamic Union, Gorran, the Kurdistan...

Study On The Average Number Of Employees Index Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

The goal of this article is to study the direction and the intensity of the relationship between the Average Number of Employees Index and the Gross Domestic Product Index. The study is done by analyzing quarterly data from 2007 until 2009 from Romania and by applying statistical and econometrical methods: the graphical method, the regression function, the correlation ratio, the determinant coefficient and the dispersion analysis. The Trimester Evolution of the Average Number of Employees and the Gross Domestic Product Indexes between 2007 and 2009 The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the main measurement indicator of the macroeconomic results of a country and the main economic result aggregate in the National Account System. It expresses the gross value of the final goods and services produced within a certain time period by the home and foreign economic agents within the country. It can be computed by two different methods that lead to the same result, with some statistical differences based on the usage of different sources of data. The production method (the value added method) is based on the aggregation of the final product and goods flows obtained by the economic agents. The final usage method (the expense method) starts from adding the elements in which the final economic assets are used (goods and services) evaluated at the market prices, less the value of the imported goods. Table no. 1 GDP Indexes between 2007 and 2009 (% of the corresponding period from the previous year) Year Trimester I Trimester II Trimester III Trimester IV 2007 106.1 106.0 105.9 106.8 2008 108.5 109.6 109.4 103.1 2009 93.8 91.3 92.9 93.5 Source: Monthly Statistical Bulletin no 1/2010, no. 5/2010 Fig. no. 1 The GDP Indexes Evolution between 2007 and 2009 By analyzing figure no.1 a linear growth trend is observed for the GDP indexes between the first trimester of 2007 and the second trimester of 2008, when it reaches a maximum of 109.6%. This is followed by a drop until the second trimester of 2009 when a minimum value of 91.3% is registered, and a growth trend until the fourth trimester of 2009. Table no.2 Average number of employees between 2006 and 2009 (thousands of persons) Year Trimester I Trimester II Trimester III Trimester IV 2006 4567.9 4602 4613.7 4593.4 2007 4675.1 4730.5 4746.3 4731 2008 4781.4 4825.5 4832.2 4785 2009 4764.9 4656.3 4540.3 4416.7 Source: Monthl y Statistical Bulletin no 1/2007, 1/2008, 1/2009, 1/2010 The data from table no.2 was used to compute the average number of employees indexes with a chain base as compared to the same period from the previous year. The information obtained is presented in the below table. Table no.3 The average number of employees indexes between 2007and 2009 (%) Year Trimester I Trimester II Trimester III Trimester IV 2007 102.3 102.8 102.9 103 2008 102.3 102 101.8 101.1 2009 99.7 96.5 94 92.3 From the below figure, a growth trend can be seen for the number of employees index between the first trimester of 2007 and the fourth trimester of 2009. The maximum is reached at 103% after which a linear decline follows until the fourth trimester of 2009, with a minimum value of 92.3%. Figure no.2 The evolution of the average number of employees index between 2007 and 2009 The correlation analysis between the average number of employees index and the GDP index The independent variable is the average number of employees index which is defined as X and the dependent variable is the GDP denominated as Y. The data to be used in the econometric study are presented in the table below. Table no.4 The average number of employees index and the GDP index between 2007 and 2009 Period I 2007 II 2007 III 2007 IV 2007 I 2008 II 2008 III 2008 IV 2008 I 2009 II 2009 III 2009 IV 2009 The average number of employees index (%) 102.3 102.8 102.9 103 102.3 102 101.8 101.1 99.7 96.5 94 92.3 GDP index (%) 106.1 106 105.9 106.8 108.5 109.6 109.4 103.1 93.8 91.3 92.9 93.5 By studying the figure no 3, it can initially be seen that the relationship between the two variables is linear. This hypothesis will be demonstrated subsequently through econometric methods. The linear regression equation is: (1) Figure no.3 The graphical represen tation of the relationship between the average number of employees index and the GDP index In order to determine the adjustment model parameters, and b, the below normal equations system will be solved through the Kramer method: (2) By analyzing the data from Table no.4 with Excel, submenu Data Analysis, the blow information was obtained: Table no.5 The index value synthesis The adjustment model parameters Correlation ratio Coefficient of determination Fcomputed Ftheory a -63.00394912 0.857644833 0.735554659 27.814998 0.000360739 b 1.651492787 By analyzing the data from the above table it is seen that the correlation ratio is R=0.857644833 that shows that between the average number of employees index and the GDP index there is a direct, strong intensity relationship. The coefficient of determination R2=0.735554659 points out that the independent variable influences the dependent variable in a percentage of 73.55%, which means tha t the average number of employees index variation influences 73.55% of the GDP index variation.The validity testing of the unifactorial linear regression model will be done by using the dispersion analysis also known as ANOVA method. By analyzing the data in from the table no 6 it is noticed that: The regression variance is . The residual variance is . The total variance is . Table no.6 ANOVA table  df SS MS F Significance F Regression 1 414.2122822 414.212282 27.814998 0.000360739 Residual 10 148.9168845 14.8916884   Total 11 563.1291667    This is a simple relationship as there is only one independent variable: k=1. The number of analyzed pairs is n=12.Therefore we can compute the corrected dispersions: (3) (3) (4) (5) Th next step of econometric analysis is testing the validity of the linear model by applying the Fisher-Snedecor test (F Test). The hypotheses used to verify the validity of the linear model are: H0: the linear model is not valid. H1: the linear model is valid. By using the data from the previous table it can be seen that the computed value of the F test is Fcomputed=27.814998. The theoretical value of the F test is Ftheory=0.000360739, which is smaller than 0.05, therefore the H0 hypothesis is rejected and the H1 hypothesis is accepted, which means that the linear model is valid. The hypotheses for testing the correlation ratio are: H0: R=0 (R is not significantly different from zero, so R is not statistically significant) H1: RÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  0 (R is sign ificantly different from zero, so R is statistically significant). The Fisher-Snedecor test will be applied. The computed test statistic is: (6) . The theoretical value of the F test at the significance level ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±=0.05 is Ftable=4.96. Because FcFtable = the H0 hypothesis is rejected and the H1 hypothesis is accepted. This proves that the correlation ratio is statistically significant. In order to test the regression model variables, the following table will be used. The table was obtained with the Excel program, submenu Data Analysis: Table no.7 The variables value synthesis Coefficients t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95% a= -63.00394910 -2.0095694 0.07222653 -132.8604781 6.852579882 b=1.651492787 5.27399259 0.00036074 0.953775609 2.349209965 The hypotheses for testing the a variable validity are: H0: a=0 (variable a is significantly equal to zero, so a is not statistically significant) H1: a0 (variable a is significantly lower than zero, so a is statistically significant). Because n=12 studied data, n30 we have a small volume sample, and a0, therefore the unilateral left t test will be applied. At a significance level ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±=0.05 , the computed value is tc= -2.0095694 and the theoretical value is t= -0.07222653 which is smaller than -0.05 which means that the H0 hypothesis is rejected and the H1 hypothesis is accepted. This proves that the a variable is statistically significant. The confidence interval is : -132.8604781 a 6.852579882. The hypotheses for testing the b variable are: H0: b=0 (variable b is significantly equal to zero, so b is n ot statistically significant) H1: b0 (variable b is significantly higher than zero, so b is statistically significant). Because n=12 studied data, n30 we have a small volume sample, and b0, therefore the unilateral right t test will be applied. At a significance level ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±=0.05 , the computed value is tc= 5.27399259 and the theoretical value is t= 0.00036074 which is smaller than 0.05 which means that the H0 hypothesis is rejected and the H1 hypothesis is accepted. This proves that the b variable is statistically significant. The confidence interval is : 0.953775609 b 2.349209965. 3. Conclusions Only after following the necessary steps: testing the model validity by using the ANOVA method, testing the significance of the linear regression models variables and establishing the confidence intervals, determining and testing the correlation ratio, the choice and usage of the unifactorial linear regression model is completely proven. By using statisctical and econometrical methods, it was confirmed that there is a very strong linear relationship between the average number of employees index and the GDP index. Therefore, by knowing the value of the average number of employees index at a certain point in time, the GDP index can be predicted.